Pengeboman Nashville 2020

Pengeboman Nashville 2020
Pengeboman Nashville 2020
	Pengeboman terjadi di blok Second Avenue Commercial District ini.
Lokasi	166 Second Avenue North; Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
Koordinat	36°09′50″N 86°46′35″W / 36.16389°N 86.77639°W
Tanggal	25 Desember 2020 ; 06.30 CTZ (12:30 UTC)
Sasaran	Tidak diketahui
Jenis serangan	Pengeboman bunuh diri dengan mobil
Senjata	Bom mobil
Korban tewas	1 (pelaku)
Korban luka	8
Pelaku	Anthony Quinn Warner
Motif	Tidak diketahui (dalam penyelidikan)

Pada 25 Desember 2020, Anthony Quinn Warner meledakkan bom kendaraan rekreasi (RV) di pusat kota Nashville, Tennessee, Amerika Serikat, sehingga menewaskan dirinya sendiri, melukai delapan jiwa dan merusak puluhan bangunan di sekitarnya.^[3]^[4]^[5] Peristiwa ini terjadi di 166 Second Avenue North antara Church Street dan Commerce Street pada pukul 06.30, berdekatan dengan pusat jaringan AT&T, mengakibatkan pemutusan layanan komunikasi selama berhari-hari.

Orang-orang di dekat RV mendengar suara tembakan dan pengeras suara di RV memperingatkan mereka untuk mengungsi sebelum pengeboman, yang dirasakan bermeter-meter jauhnya.^[3]^[6]^[7] Biro Investigasi Federal (FBI) menetapkan bahwa Warner, seorang penduduk Nashville, adalah pengebom dan bertindak sendiri.^[1]^[8]

Pengeboman

Ledakan itu disebabkan oleh bom mobil yang dibawa di dalam RV Thor Motor Coach Chateau yang diparkir di luar gedung transmisi AT&T di Second Avenue North di pusat kota Nashville pada pukul 1:22 pada tanggal 25 Desember 2020.^[9]^[10] Empat hingga lima jam setelah RV tiba, orang-orang di dekatnya dikejutkan dengan suara tembakan cepat dalam sedikitnya tiga ledakan, diikuti oleh suara wanita terkomputerisasi yang disiarkan melalui sistem alamat masyarakat: "Semua bangunan di daerah ini harus dievakuasi sekarang. Jika Anda bisa mendengar pesan ini, mohon evakuasi diri sekarang.",^[3]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] "Jauhi kendaraan ini", "Jangan mendekati kendaraan ini", dan "Tujuan utama Anda adalah untuk menjauh dari gedung-gedung ini sekarang" juga di antara pesan-pesan yang disiarkan dari RV.^[14] Siaran itu memperingatkan bahwa ada bom di dalam kendaraan, hitungan mundur 15 menit berlalu,^[10]^[13] dan pelantang beralih ke cuplikan dari lagu tahun 1964 "Downtown" oleh Petula Clark.^[15]^[16]

Menanggapi laporan adanya tembakan sekitar pukul 05.30, dua petugas polisi tiba di lokasi. Meskipun mereka tidak mendengar suara tembakan, mereka menemukan kendaraan yang diparkir dan mendengar peringatan tersebut.^[7]^[17] Mereka dan tiga petugas lain yang menanggapi kemudian mengevakuasi rumah-rumah di daerah tersebut dan memanggil bala bantuan, termasuk satuan perangkat berbahaya, sementara petugas keenam tetap di jalan untuk mengarahkan pejalan kaki.^[3]^[17]^[18] Dua dari petugas menyelidiki RV pada satu titik dan mengamati kamera yang diposisikan di atas kaca spionnya.^[17] Kendaraan tersebut meledak pada pukul 06.30 saat pasukan penjinak bom sedang dalam perjalanan menuju kawasan tersebut.^[3]^[19]

Delapan orang dirawat di rumah sakit karena cedera dan kemudian dipulangkan.^[4] Tiga orang dari mereka menderita luka tidak kritis, termasuk dua petugas yang mengevakuasi penduduk.^[20]^[21]^[22] Pengebom tewas di tempat kejadian, sementara tidak ada korban jiwa lain yang dilaporkan.^[1]^[19]

Kerusakan dan pemutusan layanan

Satu video yang diunggah di media sosial tampaknya menampilkan puing-puing dari pendaratan pengeboman di sebuah gedung sekitar dua blok dari lokasi awal.^[23] At least three vehicles burned after the bombing,^[3] at least 41 businesses were damaged, and one building located across the street, away from the site of the bombing, collapsed.^[3]^[10] Structural engineers deemed some of the buildings in the area to be safe by December 29.^[24]

The bombing caused structural and infrastructure damage to a nearby AT&T service facility, which contained a telephone exchange with network equipment in it, resulting in AT&T service outages across the U.S., primarily in Middle Tennessee.^[25] Although the facility's backup generators were rendered nonfunctional because of fire and water damage, communication services initially remained uninterrupted while the facility was able to run on battery power.^[26] However, outages were reported hours after the explosion, with significant service disruptions in the area by around noon.^[25] Cellular, wireline telephone, internet, and U-verse television service were affected, as were multiple local 9-1-1 and non-emergency phone networks in the region, along with Nashville's COVID-19 community hotline and some hospital systems.^[5]^[25]^[27] T-Mobile also reported interruptions to its service.^[28] The Memphis Air Route Traffic Control Center experienced communication issues, leading the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to ground flights from Nashville International Airport for about an hour.^[29]^[30]

Outages continued to affect communication services, including Internet, phone, and 9-1-1 services, for days after the bombing.^[31]^[32] Some stores reported switching to a cash-only policy because credit card systems were out of service, and issues with ATMs were reported.^[33]^[34] AT&T mentioned deploying two mobile cell sites downtown by the next morning, with additional ones deployed throughout Nashville by evening, but it gave no specific timeline in regard to a full restoration of service, adding that a fire that reignited during the night led to an evacuation of the building.^[32]^[33] Officials later said a full service restoration could take days.^[20]

Referensi

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Alund, Natalie Neysa; Jeong, Yihyun; Hineman, Brinley. "Nashville explosion: Anthony Warner died in explosion, was 'bomber,' authorities say". The Tennessean (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 31, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 27, 2020.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Newsweek.Theory
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Almasy, Steve; Silverman, Hollie; Andone, Dakin (December 25, 2020). "Possible human remains found near Nashville explosion site, police chief says". CNN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Silverman, Hollie; Levenson, Eric (December 28, 2020). "Investigators are looking at 'any and all possible motives' after identifying Nashville bomber". CNN. CNN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 29, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 29, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Kruesi, Kimberlee; Balsamo, Michael; Tucker, Eric (December 26, 2020). "FBI at home of possible person of interest in Nashville bomb". Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.
^ Rahman, Khaleda (December 25, 2020). "Nashville Tennessee RV Explosion 'Intentional Act' Say Police, Downtown Evacuated". Newsweek (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Einhorn, Erin; Madani, Doha (December 25, 2020). "Nashville police investigating 'intentional' Christmas morning vehicle explosion". NBC News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.
^ Schwartz, Matthew S. (December 27, 2020). "Nashville Blast Suspect Died In Explosion, Officials Say". NPR. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 31, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 27, 2020.
^ Rojas, Rick; Goldman, Adam; McGee, Jamie (December 27, 2020). "A Quiet Life, a Thunderous Death, and a Nightmare That Shook Nashville". The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 31, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 27, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d McGee, Jamie; Rojas, Rick; Tompkins, Lucy; Taylor, Derrick Bryson (December 25, 2020). "A Warning, Then a Blast: Nashville Explosion Was Deliberate, Police Say". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.
^ Tamburin, Adam (December 25, 2020). "Exclusive: Nashville explosion witness remembers chilling warning from the RV: 'A bomb is in this vehicle'". The Tennessean. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.
^ Murphy, Paul P.; Caldwell, Travis; Almasy, Steve (December 25, 2020). "'This vehicle will explode in 15 minutes.' Witnesses describe surviving the Nashville explosion". CNN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020 – via WRCB.
^ ^a ^b Levenson, Eric; Murphy, Paul P.; Silverman, Hollie (December 26, 2020). "A timeline of the Nashville RV explosion on Christmas morning". CNN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Gray, Nick (December 28, 2020). "Nashville bombing: Police bodycam video gives harrowing view from evacuation to aftermath". The Tennessean. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 31, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 29, 2020.
^ "'Downtown' by Petula Clark played from RV before Nashville bomb went off, officer says". The Tenneseean. December 27, 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-12-28. Diakses tanggal January 4, 2021.
^ Wallace, Danielle (December 27, 2020). "Nashville RV played 60's hit song 'Downtown' by Petula Clark before detonating: police". Fox News (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 27, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Andone, Dakin (December 27, 2020). "Nashville police officers describe Christmas morning explosion in their own words". CNN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 31, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 27, 2020.
^ Timms, Mariah (December 25, 2020). "Six officers called 'heroes' for saving lives before Nashville explosion on Christmas morning". The Tennessean. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Hawkins, Derek; Firozi, Paulina; Kranish, Michael (December 25, 2020). "RV that exploded in Nashville broadcast a message warning of imminent blast, police say". The Washington Post. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Tamburin, Adam; Jeong, Yihyun; Alund, Natalie Neysa; Stephenson, Cassandra (December 26, 2020). "Wait for details continues as massive federal team investigates Nashville Christmas explosion". The Tennessean. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-01-04. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.
^ Sutton, Caroline; Bowles, Laken; Hammonds, Rebekah (December 25, 2020). "Christmas Day bombing damages much of Nashville's 2nd Ave". WTVF-TV (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.
^ Oxner, Reese; Treisman, Rachel (December 25, 2020). "Explosion In Downtown Nashville, Believed To Be 'Intentional,' Injures At Least 3". NPR. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.
^ Medina, Daniella (December 25, 2020). "Nashville residents capture confusion, chaos in moments after downtown explosion". The Tennessean (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.
^ Holcombe, Madeline; Sanchez, Ray (December 29, 2020). "Nashville residents, business owners to retrieve important items and pets from Christmas Day bomb site". CNN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 31, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 29, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Timms, Mariah (December 25, 2020). "AT&T outage: Internet, 911 disrupted, planes grounded after Nashville explosion. Get the latest updates". The Tennessean. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-12-26. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.
^ Rojas, Rick; McGee, Jamie; Lee, Edmund; Cavendish, Steve (December 29, 2020). "When Nashville Bombing Hit a Telecom Hub, the Ripples Reached Far Beyond". The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 31, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 29, 2020.
^ Gill, Joey; Posey, Sebastian (December 25, 2020). "AT&T outages across Tennessee, Kentucky affecting multiple 911 services". WKRN News 2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.
^ Gill, Joey (December 25, 2020). "T-Mobile reports service issues after downtown Nashville explosion". WKRN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 26, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.
^ Kruesi, Kimberlee; Balsamo, Michael; Tucker, Eric (December 25, 2020). "Downtown Nashville explosion knocks communications offline". Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.
^ Stelter, Brian; Jones, Kay; Silverman, Hollie (December 25, 2020). "AT&T working to restore outages after Nashville explosion". CNN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.
^ "AT&T internet, phones, 911 still out after Nashville bombing: Updates from Saturday". The Tennessean. December 26, 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Nashville Recovery Efforts". AT&T. December 26, 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Bowles, Laken; Bogard, Catlin (December 25, 2020). "AT&T outage continues into Saturday, no timeline for full restoration". WTVF. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 26, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.
^ Gill, Joey (December 26, 2020). "Cash Only: Walmart says some stores affected by AT&T outage from Nashville explosion". WKRN News 2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 30, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.

[death.tennessean-1] Alund, Natalie Neysa; Jeong, Yihyun; Hineman, Brinley. "Nashville explosion: Anthony Warner died in explosion, was 'bomber,' authorities say". The Tennessean (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 31, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 27, 2020.

[Newsweek.Theory-2] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Newsweek.Theory

[Andone-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Almasy, Steve; Silverman, Hollie; Andone, Dakin (December 25, 2020). "Possible human remains found near Nashville explosion site, police chief says". CNN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.

[CNN.Possible-4] Silverman, Hollie; Levenson, Eric (December 28, 2020). "Investigators are looking at 'any and all possible motives' after identifying Nashville bomber". CNN. CNN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 29, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 29, 2020.

[AP.Interest-5] Kruesi, Kimberlee; Balsamo, Michael; Tucker, Eric (December 26, 2020). "FBI at home of possible person of interest in Nashville bomb". Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.

[6] Rahman, Khaleda (December 25, 2020). "Nashville Tennessee RV Explosion 'Intentional Act' Say Police, Downtown Evacuated". Newsweek (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.

[nbcdec25-7] Einhorn, Erin; Madani, Doha (December 25, 2020). "Nashville police investigating 'intentional' Christmas morning vehicle explosion". NBC News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.

[NPRName-8] Schwartz, Matthew S. (December 27, 2020). "Nashville Blast Suspect Died In Explosion, Officials Say". NPR. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 31, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 27, 2020.

[RojasGoldmanMcGree-9] Rojas, Rick; Goldman, Adam; McGee, Jamie (December 27, 2020). "A Quiet Life, a Thunderous Death, and a Nightmare That Shook Nashville". The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 31, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 27, 2020.

[nytdec25-10] McGee, Jamie; Rojas, Rick; Tompkins, Lucy; Taylor, Derrick Bryson (December 25, 2020). "A Warning, Then a Blast: Nashville Explosion Was Deliberate, Police Say". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.

[11] Tamburin, Adam (December 25, 2020). "Exclusive: Nashville explosion witness remembers chilling warning from the RV: 'A bomb is in this vehicle'". The Tennessean. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.

[12] Murphy, Paul P.; Caldwell, Travis; Almasy, Steve (December 25, 2020). "'This vehicle will explode in 15 minutes.' Witnesses describe surviving the Nashville explosion". CNN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020 – via WRCB.

[CNN.Timeline-13] Levenson, Eric; Murphy, Paul P.; Silverman, Hollie (December 26, 2020). "A timeline of the Nashville RV explosion on Christmas morning". CNN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.

[bodycam.tennessean-14] Gray, Nick (December 28, 2020). "Nashville bombing: Police bodycam video gives harrowing view from evacuation to aftermath". The Tennessean. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 31, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 29, 2020.

[15] "'Downtown' by Petula Clark played from RV before Nashville bomb went off, officer says". The Tenneseean. December 27, 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-12-28. Diakses tanggal January 4, 2021.

[16] Wallace, Danielle (December 27, 2020). "Nashville RV played 60's hit song 'Downtown' by Petula Clark before detonating: police". Fox News (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 27, 2020.

[CNN.Describe-17] Andone, Dakin (December 27, 2020). "Nashville police officers describe Christmas morning explosion in their own words". CNN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 31, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 27, 2020.

[18] Timms, Mariah (December 25, 2020). "Six officers called 'heroes' for saving lives before Nashville explosion on Christmas morning". The Tennessean. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.

[Hawkins1225220-19] Hawkins, Derek; Firozi, Paulina; Kranish, Michael (December 25, 2020). "RV that exploded in Nashville broadcast a message warning of imminent blast, police say". The Washington Post. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.

[Tennessean.Wait-20] Tamburin, Adam; Jeong, Yihyun; Alund, Natalie Neysa; Stephenson, Cassandra (December 26, 2020). "Wait for details continues as massive federal team investigates Nashville Christmas explosion". The Tennessean. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-01-04. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.

[wtvfdec25-21] Sutton, Caroline; Bowles, Laken; Hammonds, Rebekah (December 25, 2020). "Christmas Day bombing damages much of Nashville's 2nd Ave". WTVF-TV (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.

[nprdec25-22] Oxner, Reese; Treisman, Rachel (December 25, 2020). "Explosion In Downtown Nashville, Believed To Be 'Intentional,' Injures At Least 3". NPR. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.

[tennesseandec25-23] Medina, Daniella (December 25, 2020). "Nashville residents capture confusion, chaos in moments after downtown explosion". The Tennessean (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.

[24] Holcombe, Madeline; Sanchez, Ray (December 29, 2020). "Nashville residents, business owners to retrieve important items and pets from Christmas Day bomb site". CNN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 31, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 29, 2020.

[outage.tennessean-25] Timms, Mariah (December 25, 2020). "AT&T outage: Internet, 911 disrupted, planes grounded after Nashville explosion. Get the latest updates". The Tennessean. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-12-26. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.

[outage.nytimes-26] Rojas, Rick; McGee, Jamie; Lee, Edmund; Cavendish, Steve (December 29, 2020). "When Nashville Bombing Hit a Telecom Hub, the Ripples Reached Far Beyond". The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 31, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 29, 2020.

[27] Gill, Joey; Posey, Sebastian (December 25, 2020). "AT&T outages across Tennessee, Kentucky affecting multiple 911 services". WKRN News 2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.

[t-mobile.wkrn-28] Gill, Joey (December 25, 2020). "T-Mobile reports service issues after downtown Nashville explosion". WKRN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 26, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.

[29] Kruesi, Kimberlee; Balsamo, Michael; Tucker, Eric (December 25, 2020). "Downtown Nashville explosion knocks communications offline". Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.

[30] Stelter, Brian; Jones, Kay; Silverman, Hollie (December 25, 2020). "AT&T working to restore outages after Nashville explosion". CNN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 25, 2020.

[31] "AT&T internet, phones, 911 still out after Nashville bombing: Updates from Saturday". The Tennessean. December 26, 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 27, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.

[outage.att-32] "Nashville Recovery Efforts". AT&T. December 26, 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.

[outage.newschannel5-33] Bowles, Laken; Bogard, Catlin (December 25, 2020). "AT&T outage continues into Saturday, no timeline for full restoration". WTVF. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 26, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.

[outage.wkrn-34] Gill, Joey (December 26, 2020). "Cash Only: Walmart says some stores affected by AT&T outage from Nashville explosion". WKRN News 2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 30, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 26, 2020.

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Pengeboman Nashville 2020

Pengeboman

Kerusakan dan pemutusan layanan

Referensi

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