Katabolisme

Katabolisme adalah lintasan metabolisme yang merombak suatu substrat kompleks molekul organik menjadi komponen-komponen penyusunnya sambil melepaskan energi, pada umumnya berupa ATP. Pada lintasan katabolisme, molekul berukuran besar seperti polisakarida, lipid, asam nukleat dan protein akan terombak menjadi beberapa molekul yang lebih kecil seperti monosakarida, asam lemak, nukleotida, dan asam amino.[1] Katabolisme merupakan urutan reaksi yang dikatalis oleh enzim dimana molekul yang relatif besar dalam sel hidup yang dipecah atau didegradasi. Energi kimia yang telah dilepaskan dari proses katabolisme adalah adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). Pelepasan energi terjadi melalui tiga fase, yaitu: pertama, molekul yang berukuran besar seperti protein, polisakarida, dan lipid dipecah, disamping itu terdapat energi kecil yang dilepaskan berupa panas. Kedua, molekul yang kecil dioksida dan membebaskan ATP serta energi panas, dan membentuk salah satu dari tiga senyaw berikut: asetat, oksaloasetat, atau oksoglutarat. Terjadi oksidasi selama fase tiga.[2]

Katabolisme merupakan proses ketika tubuh mencerna makanan menjadi molekul-molekul kecil di dalam tubuh untuk digunakan sebagai energi atau penguraian karbohidrat. Molekul-molekul yang besar dan rumit dalam tubuh itu kemudian dipecah menjadi yang lebih kecil dan sederhana. Contoh proses katabolisme sama seperti halnya karbohidrat dari nasi yang masuk ke dalam tubuh. Karbohidrat kemudian diubah menjadi disakarida dan dipecah lagi menjadi monosakarida (glukosa). Adapun penyebab katabolisme berjalan lambat adalah kurang gerak dan beraktivitas, kurangnya kalori yang diasup oleh tubuh, kurang tidur, stress dan mengkonsumsi obat-obat tertentu.[3]

Dalam proses katabolisme terdapat proses respirasi selular atau respirasi sel. Respirasi sel melakukan proses perombakan molekul organik kompleks yang kaya akan energi potensial menjadi produk limbah yang berenergi lebih rendah pada tingkat selular. Respirasi sel memiliki empat tahapan yaitu glikolisis, dekarboksilasi oksidatif, siklus krebs dan peralihan elektron.[4]

Prinsip

Katabolisme bekerja dengan menggunakan prinsip reaksi reduksi-oksidasi (redoks). Dalam reaksi diperlukan akseptor elektron untuk menerima elektron dari reaksi oksidasi bahan organik. Jenis akseptor elektron yang digunakan adalah NAD (nikotinamida adenin dinukleotida), FAD (flavin adenin dinukleotida), Ubikuinon, Sitokrom, atau Oksigen.[5]

Rujukan

  1. ^ (Inggris) "IUPAC Recommendations 1997 - GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY". Queen Mary University of London. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-18. 
  2. ^ "catabolism | Definition & Metabolism". Encyclopedia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2021-08-17. 
  3. ^ Joseph, Novita (2018-11-23). "Katabolisme, Proses Tubuh untuk Mendapatkan Energi". Hello Sehat. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-27. 
  4. ^ Sari, Melinda Mareta; Kiftiah, Mariatul; Yundari (2019-01-02). "Kestabilan Lyapunov pada Pemodelan Respirasi Selular dengan Petri NET Berwaktu". Bimaster : Buletin Ilmiah Matematika, Statistika dan Terapannya (dalam bahasa Inggris). 8 (1): 35. doi:10.26418/bbimst.v8i1.30515. ISSN 2302-9854. 
  5. ^ Susilawati dan Bachtiar, N. (2018). Biologi Dasar Terintegrasi (PDF). Pekanbaru: Kreasi Edukasi. hlm. 79. ISBN 978-602-6879-99-8. 


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