Disinformasi

Disinformasi adalah informasi palsu yang sengaja disebarkan untuk menipu.^[1]^[2]^[3] Disinformasi adalah bagian dari misinformasi, yang mungkin juga tidak disengaja.

Kata bahasa Inggris disinformation adalah pinjam terjemah dari kata bahasa Rusia dezinformatsiya,^[1]^[2]^[3] berasal dari nama sebuah departemen propaganda hitam KGB.^[4] Joseph Stalin menciptakan istilah itu, memberinya nama yang terdengar seperti bahasa Prancis untuk mengklaim itu berasal dari Barat.^[1] Penggunaan istilah ini oleh Rusia dimulai dengan "kantor disinformasi khusus" pada tahun 1923.^[5] Disinformasi didefinisikan dalam Ensiklopedia Soviet Besar (1952) sebagai "informasi palsu dengan maksud untuk menipu opini publik".^[1]^[2]^[6] Operasi INFEKTION adalah kampanye disinformasi Soviet untuk memengaruhi pendapat bahwa AS menciptakan AIDS.^[1]^[6]^[7] AS tidak aktif melawan disinformasi hingga 1980, ketika sebuah dokumen palsu melaporkan bahwa AS mendukung apartheid.^[8]

Kata disinformation tidak muncul dalam kamus bahasa Inggris hingga akhir 1980-an.^[1]^[2] Penggunaan dalam bahasa Inggris meningkat pada tahun 1986, setelah pemberitahuan bahwa Pemerintahan Reagan terlibat dalam disinformasi terhadap pemimpin Libya Muammar Khadafi.^[9] Pada tahun 1990 istilah itu mulai digunakan secara luas dalam politik AS;^[10] dan pada tahun 2001 merujuk secara umum pada kebohongan dan propaganda.^[11]^[12]

Lihat pula

Penyensoran internet

Referensi

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ion Mihai Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak (2013), Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism, WND Books, hlm. 4–6, 34–39, 75, ISBN 978-1-936488-60-5
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bittman, Ladislav (1985), The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View, Pergamon-Brassey's, hlm. 49–50, ISBN 978-0-08-031572-0
^ ^a ^b Shultz, Richard H.; Godson, Roy (1984), Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy, Pergamon-Brassey's, hlm. 37–38, ISBN 978-0-08-031573-7
^ Garth Jowett; Victoria O'Donnell (2005), "What Is Propaganda, and How Does It Differ From Persuasion?", Propaganda and Persuasion, Sage Publications, hlm. 21–23, ISBN 978-1-4129-0898-6, In fact, the word disinformation is a cognate for the Russian dezinformatsia, taken from the name of a division of the KGB devoted to black propaganda.
^ Martin J. Manning; Herbert Romerstein (2004), "Disinformation", Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda, Greenwood, hlm. 82–83, ISBN 978-0-313-29605-5
^ ^a ^b Taylor, Adam (26 November 2016), "Before 'fake news,' there was Soviet 'disinformation'", The Washington Post, diakses tanggal 3 December 2016
^ United States Department of State (1987), Soviet Influence Activities: A Report on Active Measures and Propaganda, 1986–87, Washington D.C.: Bureau of Public Affairs, hlm. 34–35, 39, 42
^ Waller, J. Michael (2009), Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, Institute of World Politics Press, hlm. 159–161, ISBN 978-0-9792236-4-8
^ Biagi, Shirley (2014), "Disinformation", Media/Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media, Cengage Learning, hlm. 328, ISBN 978-1-133-31138-6
^ Martin, David (1990), The Web of Disinformation: Churchill's Yugoslav Blunder, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, hlm. xx, ISBN 978-0-15-180704-8
^ Barton, Geoff (2001), Developing Media Skills, Heinemann, hlm. 124, ISBN 978-0-435-10960-8
^ Cunningham, Stanley B. (2002), "Disinformation (Russian: dezinformatsiya)", The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction, Praeger, hlm. 67–68, 110, ISBN 978-0-275-97445-9

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Bittman, Ladislav (1985), The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View, Pergamon-Brassey's, ISBN 978-0-08-031572-0
Boghardt, Thomas (26 January 2010), "Operation INFEKTION - Soviet Bloc Intelligence and Its AIDS Disinformation Campaign" (PDF), Studies in Intelligence, 53 (4), diakses tanggal 9 December 2016
Golitsyn, Anatoliy (1984), New Lies for Old: The Communist Strategy of Deception and Disinformation, Dodd, Mead & Company, ISBN 978-0-396-08194-4
Ion Mihai Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak (2013), Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism, WND Books, ISBN 978-1-936488-60-5
Fletcher Schoen; Christopher J. Lamb (1 June 2012), "Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic. Communications: How One Interagency Group. Made a Major Difference" (PDF), Strategic Perspectives, 11, diakses tanggal 9 December 2016
Shultz, Richard H.; Godson, Roy (1984), Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy, Pergamon-Brassey's, ISBN 978-0080315737
Taylor, Adam (26 November 2016), "Before 'fake news,' there was Soviet 'disinformation'", The Washington Post, diakses tanggal 3 December 2016

Pranala luar

Disinformation review – a weekly European Union review of "disinformation attacks that target European audience".
Disinformation – a learning resource from the British Library including an interactive movie and activities

[pacepa-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ion Mihai Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak (2013), Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism, WND Books, hlm. 4–6, 34–39, 75, ISBN 978-1-936488-60-5

[bittman1985-2] Bittman, Ladislav (1985), The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View, Pergamon-Brassey's, hlm. 49–50, ISBN 978-0-08-031572-0

[shultzgodson-3] Shultz, Richard H.; Godson, Roy (1984), Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy, Pergamon-Brassey's, hlm. 37–38, ISBN 978-0-08-031573-7

[jowett-4] Garth Jowett; Victoria O'Donnell (2005), "What Is Propaganda, and How Does It Differ From Persuasion?", Propaganda and Persuasion, Sage Publications, hlm. 21–23, ISBN 978-1-4129-0898-6, In fact, the word disinformation is a cognate for the Russian dezinformatsia, taken from the name of a division of the KGB devoted to black propaganda.

[manningromerstein-5] Martin J. Manning; Herbert Romerstein (2004), "Disinformation", Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda, Greenwood, hlm. 82–83, ISBN 978-0-313-29605-5

[adamtaylor-6] Taylor, Adam (26 November 2016), "Before 'fake news,' there was Soviet 'disinformation'", The Washington Post, diakses tanggal 3 December 2016

[usstate-7] United States Department of State (1987), Soviet Influence Activities: A Report on Active Measures and Propaganda, 1986–87, Washington D.C.: Bureau of Public Affairs, hlm. 34–35, 39, 42

[jmichaelwaller-8] Waller, J. Michael (2009), Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, Institute of World Politics Press, hlm. 159–161, ISBN 978-0-9792236-4-8

[biagi-9] Biagi, Shirley (2014), "Disinformation", Media/Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media, Cengage Learning, hlm. 328, ISBN 978-1-133-31138-6

[davidmartin-10] Martin, David (1990), The Web of Disinformation: Churchill's Yugoslav Blunder, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, hlm. xx, ISBN 978-0-15-180704-8

[heinemann-11] Barton, Geoff (2001), Developing Media Skills, Heinemann, hlm. 124, ISBN 978-0-435-10960-8

[cunningham-12] Cunningham, Stanley B. (2002), "Disinformation (Russian: dezinformatsiya)", The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction, Praeger, hlm. 67–68, 110, ISBN 978-0-275-97445-9

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Disinformasi

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Referensi

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Pranala luar

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