择一性(specialization)是与并存性相对的最终趋势,即表达同一语法功能的多种并存形式经过筛选淘汰,最后往往会缩减到一两种。如表最小量的词语常与否定词连用,表示全量否定,如“一点不少”、“一步不动”等;法语历史上有 pas、point、mie、goutte 等多个最小量词语,但最终虚化为真正否定词的只有 pas,如 je sais pas.[17]
歧变性
Habere 的歧变
Habere
╱
╲
V
Aux
╱
╲
|
V
Aux
Affix
|
|
|
avorr
j'ai
-ai
歧变性(divergence),即一个实词朝一个方向变为一种语法成分以后,仍然可以向另一个方向变为另外一种语法成分,其结果就是同一个实词可以歧变出不同的语法成分。如拉丁语 habere 在法语里面变为将来时后缀 -ai(如 je chanterai),但是它又朝另一方向变为动词 avoir,继而变为完成体助词 ai(如 j'ai chanté)。[17]
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