空中愤怒

空中愤怒(英語:Air rage)是飞机乘客和机组人员的攻击性或暴力行为(尤其是在飞行期间)[1][2]。空中愤怒通常包括乘客或机组人员的行为(可能涉及到麻烦制造者对空中旅行的生理或心理压力)[3],以及乘客或机组人员在飞行期间在飞机上无视航空规定、表达愤怒或施暴[4]酗酒往往是引发空中愤怒的一个原因[5]

着陆让麻烦制造者下机无法快速完成,并且会使其他旅客的行程延误。然而,与大型船舶不同的是,飞机没有足够的空间将影响航空安全的人员关在封闭区域直至抵达目的地。故空中愤怒可能会导致航线变动或备降。

空中愤怒行为的例子包括违反安全规定或实施可能危害飞行安全的活动[2][6][7]

航空公司乘客不受控制的愤怒通常表现为乘客舱内的攻击性或暴力行为[8],但空中愤怒可能会产生严重影响(尤其是犯案者决定干扰飞机航行或夺取控制权)[7]。一般来说,此类乘客没有实施恐怖行为的风险,但九一一袭击事件后,由于民众对恐怖主义的认识有所提高,空中愤怒事件已被更加重视[9]

历史

1947年,从哈瓦那飞往迈阿密的航班上发生了第一宗空中愤怒事件,当时一名醉汉袭击了另一名乘客和一名空乘人员[10]。另一宗早期空中愤怒事件在1950年在阿拉斯加出发的一班飞机上发生[11]

当时因国际航线的司法管辖权尚不明确,违法者往往逃脱惩罚。直到 1963年《关于在航空器内的犯罪和犯有某些其他行为的公约》签署后才规定适用法律以飞机注册国的法律优先[12]

自2007年国际航空运输协会开始收集有关乘客破坏性行为的数据以来,空中愤怒事件有所增加[13]。这种趋势目前缺乏明确解释;可能的解释包括对人身安全的高度焦虑和受侵入性安全的刺激[14]

COVID-19大流行开始以来,媒体机构和美国联邦航空管理局已经注意到空中愤怒情绪的上升。大多数空中愤怒事件中,旅客因不满口罩强制令而袭击其他旅客或航司人员[15][16]

原因

紧张的情况,例如时差问题航班延误或烦人的旅客或机组人员可能使乘客和机组人员更可能产生空中愤怒。有飞机恐惧症的乘客也会产生空中愤怒。

一些研究表明,航班座位等级(头等舱商务舱经济舱)之间明显差距可能是导致空中愤怒事件增加的原因[17]

一些专家还指出,空中愤怒的主要原因是近几十年来经济舱设施质量下降和座位空间的缩小[18]

空中愤怒可能是多种因素共同作用的结果。例如,一个存在飞机恐惧症的旅客可能会因过度使用酒精、药物、压力、尼古丁戒断[19]、或他人破坏性行为而使旅客出现空中愤怒情况。

航空公司和机场提供的酒精饮料使乘客和机组人员在飞行前和飞行期间酗酒。空乘人员完全可以记录在飞机上为乘客提供的饮料数量,并且许多国家和地区要求空乘人员拒绝看起来烂醉但无法确定登机前服用多少酒精饮料的旅客提供酒精饮料。对2000年至2020年间发生的空中愤怒事件相关的网络媒体报道进行分析发现,美国和英国在228起案件占比最高(其中127起案件涉及饮酒)[19]。根据香港理大酒店及旅游管理学院的一项研究,西方航空公司的所有空中愤怒事件中约五成与酒精有关[20]

该研究的合著者马库斯·舒克特向《南华早报》称,亚洲航空公司的空中愤怒事件较为罕见,但空中愤怒发生的实际原因是缺乏经验和对所涉及的限制缺乏了解。中国大陆的部分空中愤怒事件由于社交媒体上的图片或视频而被舒克特以“传奇”称之,据了解,一些旅客在飞机滑行时会做一些事情(例如打开机舱逃生门散热或向引擎中投掷硬币祈福)[20][21]

有时,旅客因不遵守硬性规定或与空乘人员争吵而造成设施损坏[9]

在某些情况下,由于机组人员可自行判定旅客是否存在威胁,某些事件也可能因机组人员的不容忍或对抗行为引起或恶化。例如,在2020年,美航某航班的机组人员就一名“破坏性”乘客报了警,该乘客抱怨部分航空公司员工未佩戴口罩[22]

情节

空中愤怒通常涵盖乘客或航空公司员工在飞机(或机场)内的行为:

其他可能影响机组人员或乘客舒适度的相关行为包括在机上吸烟、观看色情内容、机舱内性行为(如“英里高”俱乐部)、对其他旅客进行不当性挑逗、厕所内性行为、对机组人员非礼和触摸、咆哮或醉酒、随地吐痰、人身攻击和穿着不当[27]

处理空中愤怒

极不守规矩的乘客或机组人员必须加以约束,约束的方法多种多样。一些航空公司为此在飞机配置弹性约束带。其他旅客则会使用安全带胶带领带鞋带或飞机上可用的任何东西限制犯案者。虽然美国不允许乘客实际被限制在所在席位或飞机的其他部位,并且只允许限制他们的身体部位,其他国家和地区(如冰岛)则允许将违反规定的乘客绑在座位上。

有时飞机必须变更航线以尽快处理违规者[9]

结果

在美国,扰乱机组人员的乘客可能面临2.5万美元罚金(也可能处以有期徒刑)。此外,航空公司有权禁止问题乘客乘坐任何由该航空公司执飞的航班[9]

澳大利亚,民航安全局保留机组人员使用电枪制服违规乘客的权利[28]

加拿大,根据《刑事法典》,飞机机长享有执法人员权利,因此可行使逮捕权。机长有权在飞机飞行时执行刑法条文或议会法案[29]

从2011年到2016年,韩国飞机上的非法行为数量增加了两倍多,大韩航空为此允许机组人员对暴力乘客使用电枪,并严禁曾经有不当行为的旅客搭乘大韩航空的任何航班[30]

参见

参考文献

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