磨齒獸科

磨齿兽科
化石时期:晚漸新世-早全新世
~29–0.010 Ma
哈倫氏副磨齒獸P. harlani)全身骨骼化石,展示於美國德克薩斯大學奧斯汀分校德克薩斯州科學與自然歷史博物館英语Texas Science and Natural History Museum
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 哺乳纲 Mammalia
目: 披毛目 Pilosa
亚目: 食葉亞目 Folivora
总科: 磨齒獸總科 Mylodontoidea
科: 磨齿兽科 Mylodontidae
Ameghino, 1889
子群

磨齒獸科學名Mylodontidae),又稱磨齒懶科,是已滅絕地懶,生存於2,300萬至11,000年前的北美洲南美洲[2]。磨齒獸科與同樣已滅絕的陵角懶科英语Scelidotheriidae,以及現存樹棲性二趾樹懶科為近親,三者均屬於磨齒獸總科。磨齒獸科與陵角懶科之間的親緣關係證據主要是來自種系發生學及形態學分析,甚至有部分較早期的研究會將陵角懶科置於磨齒獸科下[3]。而磨齒獸科與二趾樹懶科之間的親緣關係證據則仰賴粒線體DNA[4][5]膠原蛋白胺基酸序列的分析研究[6]。後者分析顯示二趾樹懶科比起二趾樹懶科,與磨齒獸科的親緣關係更為接近。此外,同樣仍未滅絕的樹懶科(包含已知的4種三趾樹懶)則是屬於親緣關係較遠的大地懶總科[5][6]

由於在洞穴中同時發現人類與地懶的遺骸,包括了數量不少的毛髮、皮膚、糞便等亞化石,科學家最初認為這些早期的人類會建造畜欄來豢養這些地懶[7]。然而,放射性碳定年法分析顯示人類及地懶生存於洞穴的時間並未有重疊[8]。磨齒獸科是目前已知確認具有皮內成骨的地懶,但僅有部分屬具有此特徵,其中就包括了磨齒獸屬英语Mylodon副磨齒獸屬舌懶獸屬英语Glossotherium,其他屬則缺乏[9]

系統發生樹

磨齒獸科化石,展示於阿根廷拉普拉塔博物館英语La Plata Museum

本系統發生樹係根據膠原蛋白及粒線體DNA序列分析[6]

食葉亞目 Folivora

加勒比地懶科 Megalocnidae

磨齒獸總科 Mylodontoidea
陵角懶科英语Scelidotheriidae Scelidotheriidae

Scelidodon英语Scelidodon

陵角懶屬英语Scelidotherium Scelidotherium

磨齒獸科 Mylodontidae

武裝掠齒懶獸英语Lestodon L. armatus

哈倫氏副磨齒獸 P. harlani

粗壯舌懶獸英语Glossotherium G. robustus

達爾文磨齒獸英语Mylodon M. darwinii

二趾樹懶科 Choloepodidae

二趾樹懶 C. didactylus

霍氏樹懶 C. hoffmanni

大地懶總科 Megatherioidea

巨爪地懶科 Megalonychidae

樹懶科 Bradypodidae

懶獸科英语Nothrotheriidae Nothrotheriidae

大地懶科 Megatheriidae

參考文獻

  1. ^ Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; McDonald, H. Gregory; Flores, Mónica Núñez. Baraguatherium takumara, Gen. et Sp. Nov., the Earliest Mylodontoid Sloth (Early Miocene) from Northern South America. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 7 April 2016, 24 (2): 179–191. S2CID 23667414. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9328-y. 
  2. ^ http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=43629&is_real_user=1Mylodontidae: Paleobiology Database 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2012-10-13.
  3. ^ Gaudin, T. J. The Ear Region of Edentates and the Phylogeny of the Tardigrada (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1995-09-14, 15 (3): 672–705. Bibcode:1995JVPal..15..672G. JSTOR 4523658. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011255. 
  4. ^ Hoss, Matthias; Dilling, Amrei; Currant, Andrew; Paabo, Svante. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct ground sloth Mylodon darwinii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 9 Jan 1996, 93 (1): 181–185. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93..181H. PMC 40202可免费查阅. PMID 8552600. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.181可免费查阅. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Delsuc, F.; Kuch, M.; Gibb, G. C.; Karpinski, E.; Hackenberger, D.; Szpak, P.; Martínez, J. G.; Mead, J. I.; McDonald, H. G.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Billet, G.; Hautier, L.; Poinar, H. N. Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Sloths. Current Biology. 2019, 29 (12): 2031–2042.e6 [2024-04-18]. PMID 31178321. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.043可免费查阅. hdl:11336/136908可免费查阅. (原始内容存档于2022-03-23). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Presslee, S.; Slater, G. J.; Pujos, F.; Forasiepi, A. M.; Fischer, R.; Molloy, K.; et al. Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2019, 3 (7): 1121–1130 [18 September 2020]. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3.1121P. PMID 31171860. S2CID 174813630. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于12 September 2020). 
  7. ^ Woodward (1900)
  8. ^ Naish, Darren. Fossils explained 51: Sloths. Geology Today. 28 Nov 2005, 21 (6): 232–238 [2009-01-29]. S2CID 85808869. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2005.00538.x. 
  9. ^ McDonald, H. Gregory. An Overview of the Presence of Osteoderms in Sloths: Implications for Osteoderms as a Plesiomorphic Character of the Xenarthra. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. December 2018, 25 (4): 485–493. ISSN 1064-7554. S2CID 254697023. doi:10.1007/s10914-017-9415-8 (英语). 

參考書目

  • Woodward, A.S. (1900): On some remains of Grypotherium (Neomylodon) listai and associated mammals from a cavern near Consuelo Cove, Last Hope Inlet. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1900(5): 64–79.

延伸閱讀

  • Brandoni, Diego; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Miño Boilini, Ángel R.; Favotti, Emmanuel. Los Tardigrada (Mammalia, Xenarthra) de Argentina: diversidad, evolución y biogeografía (PDF). Contribuciones del MACN. 2016, _: 263–274 [2018-10-08]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-06-06). 
  • Cuvier, G. (1796): Notice sur le squelette d'une très grande espèce de quadrupède inconnue jusqu'à présent, trouvé au Paraguay, et déposé au cabinet d'histoire naturelle de Madrid. Magasin encyopédique, ou Journal des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts (1): 303–310; (2): 227–228.
  • De Iuliis, G. & Cartelle, C. (1999): A new giant megatheriine ground sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megatheriidae) from the late Blancan to early Irvingtonian of Florida. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 127(4): 495–515.
  • Harrington, C.R. (1993): Yukon Beringia Interpretive Center - Jefferson's Ground Sloth. Retrieved 2008-JAN-24.
  • Hogan, C.M. (2008): Cueva del Milodon, Megalithic Portal页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Retrieved 2008-APR-13
  • Kurtén, Björn and Anderson, Elaine (1980): Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 0-231-03733-3
  • McKenna, Malcolm C. & Bell, Susan K. (1997): Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 0-231-11013-8
  • Nowak, R.M. (1999): Walker's Mammals of the World (Vol. 2). Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
  • White, J.L. (1993): Indicators of locomotor habits in Xenarthrans: Evidence for locomotor heterogeneity among fossil sloths. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13(2): 230–242.
  • White, J.L.; MacPhee, R.D.E. The sloths of the West Indies: a systematic and phylogenetic review. Woods, C.A.; Sergile, F.E. (编). Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives. Boca Raton, London, New York, and Washington, D.C.: CRC Press. 2001: 201–235. ISBN 978-0-8493-2001-9. doi:10.1201/9781420039481-14. 

外部連結