关于格陵兰殖民的史料十分稀少,主要包括学者阿里·索吉尔松(Ari Thorgilsson)的《冰岛人书》(Íslendingabók)、作者不详但可能有阿里参与的《定居书》(Landnámabók)、[2]佚名的《格陵兰史诗》(Grænlendinga saga)、《红发埃里克史诗》(Saga of Erik the Red)。其他作品还有《弗洛伊人史诗》(Flóamanna saga)、《埃纳尔·索卡松事迹》(Einars þáttr Sokkasonar)、14世纪较为小说化的《狡狐故事》(Króka-Refs saga)、《结义兄弟故事》(Fóstbrœðra saga)[3]、《挪威列王传》(Heimskringla)中关于奥拉夫·特里格瓦松(Olaf Tryggvason)的事迹、《王鉴》(Konungs skuggsjá)以及不莱梅的亚当的著作。[4]
《冰岛编年史》中也有零星记载,翻译见下;此外还有一些关于格陵兰的地理笔记(Gripla、Landabók等)。3个关于诺斯人的爱斯基摩故事口口相传,19世纪由欣里希·约翰内斯·林克(Hinrich Johannes Rink)记录,并编为《爱斯基摩故事与传说》(Eskimoiske Eventyr og Sagn),1866–1871年在哥本哈根出版。这些故事是爱斯基摩人见证这段历史的唯一记录。14世纪最重要的资料是在格陵兰居住多年的伊瓦尔·巴达松(Ívarr Bárðarson)所写的描述。《斯卡达年鉴》(Skarðárannáll)虽在后期增补中有一定错漏,但也享有很高的声誉。书面资料有时颇难解,如事件年代可能是1406、1456或1460年,难以确定。
^Mogens Skaaning Høegsberg: Continuity and Change: The Dwellings of the Greenland Norse. In: Journal of the North Atlantic, Volume 2: Norse Greenland Selected Papers from the Hvalsey Conference 2008, p. 82–101
^Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding, Jette Arneborg et al.: Ancient DNA unravels the truth behind the controversial GUS Greenlandic Norse fur samples: the bison was a horse, and the muskox and bears were goats. In: Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 53, January 2015, p. 297–303
^Inge Bødker Enghoff: Hunting, Fishing and Animal Husbandry at the Farm Beneath the Sand, Western Greenland: An Archaeozoological Analysis of a Norse Farm in the Western Settlement. Danish Polar Center, Kopenhagen 2003, ISBN978-8790369590.
^Martin B. Hebsgaard, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Jette Arneborg et al.: The Farm Beneath the Sand – an archaeological case study on ancient ‘dirt’ DNA. In: Antiquity 83 (320), June 2009, p. 1–15
^T. H. McGovern: Bones, Buildings, and Boundaries: Paleoeconomic Approaches to Norse Greenland. in: C. D. Morris and J. Rackham (Editor): Norse and Later Settlement and Subsistence in the North Atlantic. Glasgow University Press, 1992, p. 157–186.
^Paul Nørlund: Wikingersiedlungen in Grönland. Ihre Entstehung und ihr Schicksal. Ernst Käbitzsch Leipzig 1937, p. 52, pic. 41.
^Groeneveld, Emma. Viking Age Greenland. World History. World History Encyclopedia. 2018-04-03 [2022-10-26].
^Seaver 1996,第205頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSeaver1996 (幫助): a reference to sailors in Bergen in 1484 who had visited Greenland (Seaver speculates that they may have been English); p.229ff: archaeological evidence of contact with Europe towards the end of the 15th century
^Mackenzie Brown, Dale. The Fate of Greenland's Vikings. Archaeology Archive. Archaeological Institute of America. 2000-02-28 [2018-06-13]. 1540年代,一群冰岛海员和之前的许多水手一样,在前往冰岛途中偏了航,抵达了格陵兰岛。他们在峡湾的海滩上发现[...][一名男子]脸朝下躺着,这是他们逗留期间遇到的唯一一名诺斯人。他已经倒地死亡多时,身穿兜帽、手织羊毛衣和海豹皮。他的刀子就放在旁边,“已经弯曲、磨损严重,已经腐烂。”
^D. Dahl-Jensen, K. Mosegaard, N. Gundestrup et al.: Past Temperatures Directly from the Greenland Ice Sheet. in: Science 282, Nr. 5387, 1998, p. 268–271
^Niels Lynnerup: The Greenland Norse: A Biological-Anthropological Study, 1989
^J. P. H.Hansen, Jørgen Meldgaard und Jørgen Nordqvist: Qilakitsoq. De grønlandske mumier fra 1400-tallet. 1985
^Iversen, J. (1934). Moorgeologische Untersuchungen auf Grönland. Meddelelser fra Geologiske Foreningen 8: 342-358
^Iversen, J. (1954). Origin of the flora of western Greenland in the light of pollen analysis. Oikos 4: 85-103
^Ingrid Mainland: Pastures lost? A dental microwear study of ovicaprine diet and management in Norse Greenland. In: Journal of Archaeological Science 33, 2006, p. 238–252
^Nadja Podbregar: Wikinger: Von der Trockenheit vertrieben?, in: scinexx.de, 24. März 2022, accessed on Jan 1, 2024; referring to: University of Massachusetts Amherst, Science Advances, 2022
^Arneborg, Jette. Norse Greenland: Research into abandonment. Medieval Archaeology in Scandinavia and Beyond: 257–271. 2015. "Ultimately, the Norse Greenlanders fell victim to both major environmental and global economic changes, and the most obvious answer to the declining years would have been to emigrate. From the middle of the fourteenth century both Iceland and Norway had suffered greatly from several diseases that had diminished the population substantially and left farms deserted (eg Orrman 1997). New inhabitants would have been welcomed."
书目
Book of Settlements (Landnámabók), Book of the Settlement of Iceland, originally from the 11th century, oldest surviving version from the 13th century, English translation here. German: Das Besiedlungsbuch. In: Islands Besiedlung und älteste Geschichte. translation by Walter Baetke. Düsseldorf 1967.
Saga of Erik the Red (Eiríks saga rauða), earliest version handed down in the Hauksbók from the 14. century, in an English translation of the Gutenberg project here: [1]. Deutsch: Grönländer Geschichten. In: Grönländer und Färinger Geschichten. translation by von Felix Niedner. Düsseldorf 1965.
Greenland Saga (Grænlendinga saga), earliest version handed down in the Icelandic Flateyjarbók from the late 14. century. German: Grönländer Geschichten. in: Grönländer und Färinger Geschichten. tranlsation by Felix Niedner. Düsseldorf 1965.
King's mirror (Konungs skuggsjá), lat. Speculum regale, created in the second half of the 13. century in the circle of the Norwegian King Håkon. Deutsch: Der Königsspiegel. Konungsskuggsjá. translation by Rudolf Meissner. Halle/Saale 1944.
Ívarr Bárðason: Grønland annáll (13. Jahrhundert). in: Carl Christian Rafn: Grønlands historiske Mindesmærker. 3 volumes 1838–1845. fotographic reprint 1976.
Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Christiania 1888. reprint Oslo 1977, ISBN82-7061-192-1.
Harald Steinert: Tausend Jahre Neue Welt. DVA, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN3-421-06113-0.
S. E. Albrethsen: Grönland. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Bd. 13, Berlin 1999, S. 63–71.
Jette Arneborg: Nordboliv i Grønland. In: Else Roesdahl (Hrsg.): Dagligliv i Danmarks middelalder. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2004, ISBN87-7934-106-3.
Niels Lynnerup: Life and Death in Norse Greenland. In: Vikings – the North Atlantic Saga. Washington 2000, ISBN1-56098-995-5.
Kirsten A. Seaver: "Pygmies" of the Far North. In: Journal of World History 19, Heft 1, 2008, S. 63–87.
Eli Kintisch: The lost Norse. Archaeologists have a new answer to the mystery of Gereenland’s Norse, who thrived for centuries and then vanished. In: Science, Vol. 354, No. 6313 (11. November 2016), S. 696–701 (Online).