世界自然保護聯盟物種紅色名錄(IUCN Red List)将北极熊列為易危VU。為了保護他們,在IUCN北極熊專家组的极力促成之下,1973年所有北极熊的分布國共同签署了《全球北极熊保护协定》,就移動、保護和管理北極熊做了詳細約定。1975年,《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)正式生效,北極熊被列入CITES附录Ⅱ,1992年熊科整科被列入CITES附录Ⅱ[18]。
^http://www.defenders.org/polar-bear/basic-facts.%7C[失效連結] Behavior :
Polar bears are highly dependent on older stable pack ice in the Arctic region, where they spend much of their time on the ice hunting, mating and denning. They are generally solitary as adults, except during breeding and cub rearing.
^page 96 / Chapter Distribution and Population : Polar Bears A Complete Guide to Their Biology and Behavious : If ice condition permit, a bear will use the same area year after year. Female Polar bear home ranges vary from tiny areas of about 77 square miles ( 200 sq km ) packed into a single fjord to massive expanses of 371000 square miles ( 960,000 sq km), which is about half the size of Alaska )
^Verena E Kutschera, Tobias Bidon, Frank Hailer, Julia L. Rodi, Steven R. Fain, Axel Janke (2014) Bears in a Forest of Gene Trees: Phylogenetic Inference Is Complicated by Incomplete lineage sorting and Gene Flow. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31(8): 2004–2017. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu186
^Frank Hailer, Verena E. Kutschera, Björn M. Hallström, Denise Klassert, Steven R. Fain, Jennifer A. Leonard, Ulfur Arnason, Axel Janke (2012): Nuclear Genomic Sequences Reveal that Polar Bears Are an Old and Distinct Bear Lineage. Science Vol. 336 no. 6079: 344-347. doi:10.1126/science.1216424
^Miller W, Schuster SC, Welch AJ, Ratan A, Bedoya-Reina OC, Zhao F, Kim HL, Burhans RC, Drautz DI, Wittekindt NE, Tomsho LP, Ibarra-Laclette E, Herrera-Estrella L, Peacock E, Farley S, Sage GK, Rode K, Obbard M, Montiel R, Bachmann L, Ingólfsson O, Aars J, Mailund T, Wiig O, Talbot SL, & Lindqvist C (2012). Polar and brown bear genomes reveal ancient admixture and demographic footprints of past climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(36):E2382–E2390. doi:10.1073/pnas.1210506109
^Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavious, page 181
^Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavious, page 10
^Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 183 : time to leave
^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nB7gS5IcD84.%7C Published on Dec 23, 2015
Polar Bears can detect another bear with their excellent sense of smell, male bears can spend weeks tracking the scent of a female who is ready to mate. Taken from Animal Attraction. BBC earth
^Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 139 : mating system
^Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 171 : From Birth to Death
^Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 174 : The number of Cubs in a Litter
^http://www.livescience.com/27436-polar-bear-facts.html.%7CAt[失效連結] birth, a cub weighs only 1.3 pounds (about half a kilogram), but they grow very quickly. Cubs depend on their mothers for warmth and fattening milk, which is 36 percent fat, according to the San Diego Zoo.
^Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 168
^Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 174
^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbdopIzESCg.%7CAfter braving three months underground a mother polar bear shows her cub the outside world for the first time. Keen photographers Andre and Anita Gilden caught the extremely rare pictures after waiting more than four days in temperatures dipping to minus 40 degrees Celsius in Manitoba, Canada.
^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CbILj_CYqno.%7CTwo adorable newborn polar bear cubs play with their mother while they journey to the frozen sea. One cute cub climbs and hangs off mother's back. Features cubs play-fighting and nursing with mom. Very cute video! Footage copyright: Parks Canada.
Cinematographer: www.AndrewManske.com
All scenes filmed in the wilds of northern Manitoba, Canada, near Hudon's Bay.
^Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 187
^Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 179
^Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behaviour, Chapter Prey, page 89
^http://sectionhiker.com/bears_sense_of_smell.%7CBears[永久失效連結] are thought to have the best sense of smell of any animal on earth. For example, the average dog’s sense of smell is 100 times better than a humans. A blood hound’s is 300 times better. A bear’s sense of smell is 7 times better than a blood hound’s or 2,100 times better than a human.
^http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/polar-bear.%7Cwhat's[永久失效連結] on the menu :The polar bear's nose is so powerful it can smell a seal on the ice 20 miles (32 kilometers) away, sniff out a seal's den that has been covered with snow, and even find a seal's air hole in the ice up to 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) away.
^Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behaviour, Chapter " Hunting Methods " from page 125 to page 135
^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MC26JK9nk-8.%7CUnique footage of polar bear hunting bearded seal. Clip from the programme 'Polar Bear - Spy on the Ice', Produced & Directed by John Downer Productions, Narrated by David Tennant
^polar bear. [2016-09-02]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-01).
In ideal hunting conditions, the bear will just eat the seal fat, leaving the carcass for other animals.
^Walrus. [2016-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-10). During the 19th century and the early 20th century, walruses were widely hunted and killed for their blubber, walrus ivory, and meat. The population of walruses dropped rapidly all around the Arctic region.
^Wrigley, Robert E. The Oldest Living Polar Bear(PDF). Polar Bears International Newsletter. Polar Bears International. Spring 2008 [9 June 2008]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2008-06-26).
^Andrew E. Decocher. Polar Bears : A complete guide to their biology and behaviour. The John Hopskins University Press. 2012: 199. ISBN 978-1-4214-0305-2(英语). chapter : Threat, page 199 to 223
^Polar Bear-Sea Ice Relationships. [2016-08-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-16). Over the past 25 years, the summer sea ice melt period has lengthened, and summer sea ice cover has declined by over half a million square miles.
^Andrew E. Decocher. Polar Bears : A complete guide to their biology and behaviour. The John Hopskins University Press. 2012: 199. ISBN 978-1-4214-0305-2(英语). page 218 Global warming is the greatest threat facing polar bears not mearly threaten individual bears, It threatens the entire species
^Andrew E. Decocher. Polar Bears : A complete guide to their biology and behaviour. The John Hopskins University Press. 2012: 217. ISBN 978-1-4214-0305-2(英语). chapter : Threat, page 217
^Andrew E. Decocher. Polar Bears : A complete guide to their biology and behaviour. The John Hopskins University Press. 2012: 210. ISBN 978-1-4214-0305-2(英语). chapter : Threat : Pollution , page 210
^Andrew E. Decocher. Polar Bears : A complete guide to their biology and behaviour. The John Hopskins University Press. 2012: 215. ISBN 978-1-4214-0305-2(英语). Oil, Gas, Mining and Develpment, page 215
^Andrew E. Decocher. Polar Bears : A complete guide to their biology and behaviour. The John Hopskins University Press. 2012: 217. ISBN 978-1-4214-0305-2(英语). What you can do to Help the Ice Bears, page 226