↑Yasuda, Shin; Raj, Razaq; Griffin, Kevin (2018-11-05). Religious Tourism in Asia: Tradition and Change Through Case Studies and Narratives (ภาษาอังกฤษ). CABI. p. 129. ISBN978-1-78639-234-3. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2023-01-15. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-05-18. During the Kushan period, Gandhara became one of the two major strongholds of Mahayana Buddhism (another was India's Mathura). It was also where Greco-Buddhist art prospered, which integrated the Greco-Roman art and the local art into a new artistic genre known as Greco-Buddhist syncretism. The first Buddha effigy was believed to have been created in Gandhara. During the Kushan period, Buddhism started to spread to central Asia from where it further expanded to China and other east Asian countries.
↑Mahajan, V. D. (2019). Ancient India (ภาษาอังกฤษ). S. Chand Publishing. p. 302. ISBN978-93-5283-724-3. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2023-01-15. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-05-18.
↑Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2017-12-01). Buddhism and Gandhara: An Archaeology of Museum Collections (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-1-351-25274-4. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2023-01-15. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-11-17. Gandhara is a name central to Buddhist heritage and iconography. It is the ancient name of a region in present-day Pakistan, bounded on the west by the Hindu Kush mountain range and to the north by the foothills of the Himalayas.
↑Draper, Gerald (1995). "The Contribution of the Emperor Asoka Maurya to the Development of the Humanitarian Ideal in Warfare". International Review of the Red Cross. 35 (305): 192–206. doi:10.1017/S0020860400090604.
↑"The philosopher Hegesias of Cyrene (nicknamed Peisithanatos, "The advocate of death") was a contemporary of Magas and was probably influenced by the teachings of the Buddhist missionaries to Cyrene and Alexandria. His influence was such that he was ultimately prohibited from teaching." Lafont, Jean-Marie (2000). "La découverte du bouddhisme par le monde européen". Les Dossiers d'Archéologie (ภาษาฝรั่งเศส). No. 254: 78–85 [p. 78]. ISSN1141-7137.
↑Srivastava, Balram (1968). Trade and commerce in ancient India, from the earliest times to c. A.D. 300 (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. p. 67.
↑See Images of the Herakles-influenced Vajrapani: "Image 1". คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ December 16, 2013, "Image 2". คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ March 13, 2004.
↑Tanabe, Katsumi (2003). Alexander the Great: East-West Cultural Contact from Greece to Japan. Tokyo: NHK Puromōshon and Tokyo National Museum. OCLC937316326.
↑Foltz. Religions of the Silk Road. p. 44. Certain Indian notions may have made their way westward into the budding Christianity of the Mediterranean world through the channels of the Greek diaspora
↑Walbridge, John (2001). The Wisdom of the Mystic East: Suhrawardī and Platonic Orientalism. p. 129. The form Būdhīsaf is the original, as shown by Sogdian form Pwtysfi and the early New Persian form Bwdysf On the Christian versions see A. S. Geden, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, s.v. "Josaphat, Barlaam and," and M. P. Alfaric, ..."