Farao

Efter farao Djoser av den tredje dynastin avbildades de flesta faraoner med nemes, "falskt skägg" och andra utsmyckningar.

Farao, "det stora huset", var titeln för forntida egyptiska kungar.[1]

Ursprungligen användes detta fornegyptiska uttryck som en benämning på palatset eller hovet, men från cirka 1350 f.Kr. kom det att beteckna kungen själv (i det fallet farao Akhenaton[2]), och på 800-talet f.Kr. blev det en av den egyptiska kungens titlar. Lite anakronistiskt brukar man idag säga "farao" om alla egyptiska kungar ända från fördynastisk tid (cirka 3200 f.Kr. - 3000 f.Kr.).

Faraonerna regerade från omkring 3000 f.Kr. fram till grekisk-romersk tid. Farao uppfattades som son till Horus och gudarnas företrädare på jorden. Den flera tusen år långa regeringsperioden uppdelas av moderna forskare i "riken" och "mellantider" samt i dynastier efter den antika historikern Manethos förebild.[3]

Farao var en sorts gud över Egypten, som troddes ha blivit utvald av gudarna att härska över folket.[4] Efter 1300-talet f.Kr. vände det, då trodde man inte längre på detta. De flesta faraonerna levde i Memfis och Thebe. När de dog begravdes de i stora gravar, till exempel i pyramider eller i berg. Dessa gravar innehöll många värdefulla skatter, så att faraonerna skulle få leva ett liv i lyx även efter döden. Detta ledde också till att gravarna gjordes mycket svåra att bryta sig in i, men alla bröts upp och merparten plundrades redan under antiken.[5][6]

Såvitt man känner till blev endast fyra kvinnor faraoner: Sobekneferu, Hatshepsut, Neferneferuaten och Twosret. Hatshepsut bar i ikonografin alla de (manliga) attribut vilka hörde till kungaämbetet, såsom lösskägg, kilt och krona.[7]

En av de största faraonerna var Ramses II,[8] men den mest kände torde vara Tutankhamon.[9]

Se även

Referenser

  1. ^ ”farao - Uppslagsverk - NE”. www.ne.se. http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/enkel/farao. Läst 26 juli 2017. 
  2. ^ ”Akhenaten | Biography & Facts” (på engelska). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akhenaten. Läst 27 juli 2017. 
  3. ^ ”Egyptian Journey 2003: History: King Lists: Manetho's King List”. www.phouka.com. http://www.phouka.com/tr/egypt//history/KLManetho.html. Läst 26 juli 2017. 
  4. ^ ”Forntidens Egypten”. SO-rummet. Arkiverad från originalet den 13 juli 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170713120656/http://www.so-rummet.se/kategorier/historia/forntiden-och-antiken/forntidens-egypten. Läst 26 juli 2017. 
  5. ^ ”Konungarnas dal - Uppslagsverk - NE”. www.ne.se. http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/konungarnas-dal. Läst 27 juli 2017. 
  6. ^ ”KEOPS PYRAMID”. www.alltomvetenskap.se. Arkiverad från originalet den 13 juli 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170713080441/http://www.alltomvetenskap.se/nyheter/keops-pyramid. Läst 27 juli 2017. 
  7. ^ ”The Queen Who Would Be King” (på engelska). Smithsonian. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-queen-who-would-be-king-130328511/. Läst 27 juli 2017. 
  8. ^ ”Ramses II | king of Egypt” (på engelska). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramses-II-king-of-Egypt. Läst 27 juli 2017. 
  9. ^ ”Tutankhamun | Biography, Tomb, & Mummy” (på engelska). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tutankhamen. Läst 27 juli 2017. 

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