一部の哲学者、例えばリチャード・マーヴィン・ヘア(1919年-2002年)は、文化的または宗教的基準や規範に従う道徳的主張が事実内容を欠いているとしても、道徳的命題は人間の論理的規則に従うと主張している。したがって、彼らは相反する倫理的判断を持つことはできないと主張する。これにより、道徳的な標準を共有して道徳的な論述が可能となる。彼らは道徳的事実の存在を肯定または否定せず、ただし、人間の論理が道徳的な主張に適用されると仮定する。したがって、彼らは非常に限定的な意味で客観的で好ましい道徳的正当化の基準を想定する。しかし、ヘアによれば、人間の論理は相対主義の一つの非常に重要な意味で誤りを示している(ヘアの『Sorting out Ethics』を参照)。ヘアや他の哲学者はまた、論理的な制約を除いて、ある種の道徳的な用語を評価的な意味で同様に扱うすべての制度が存在することを指摘している。これは、他の用語(たとえば、計測が可能である)と同様に普遍的な理解を得て独立した基準に依存しない用語「より少ない」または「より多い」の扱いにも当てはまる。これは、善と悪が非道徳的な意味で使用される場合にも当てはまる。例えば、「これは『良い』レンチである」と言ったり、「これは『悪い』ホイールである」と言ったりするときである。このような用語の評価的な特性により、異なる信念を持つ人々が道徳的な問題について有意義な議論を行うことができる。たとえば、彼らがある「事実」について異なる意見を持っているとしてもである[要出典]。
^Harrison, Jonathan (2006). Borchert, Donald M.. ed. Encyclopedia of philosophy (2nd ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale/Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN0-02-865780-2. OCLC61151356. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61151356. "A subjectivist ethical theorist is a theory according to which moral judgements about men or their actions are judgements about the way people react to these men and actions - that is, the way they think or feel about them."
^Joyce, Richard (2016), Zalta, Edward N., ed., Moral Anti-Realism (Supplement on Moral Objectivity and Moral Relativism) (Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-anti-realism/moral-objectivity-relativism.html2021年3月8日閲覧, "...the non-objectivist need not be a relativist. Suppose the moral facts depend on the attitudes or opinions of a particular group or individual (e.g., “X is good” means “Caesar approves of X,” or “The Supreme Court rules in favor of X,” etc.), and thus moral truth is an entirely mind-dependent affair. Since, in this case, all speakers' moral utterances are made true or false by the same mental activity, then this is not strictly speaking a version of relativism, but is, rather, a relation-designating account of moral terms (see Stevenson 1963: 74 for this distinction)."
^ abcJoyce, Richard (2016), Zalta, Edward N., ed., Moral Anti-Realism (Supplement on Moral Objectivity and Moral Relativism) (Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-anti-realism/moral-objectivity-relativism.html2021年3月8日閲覧, "In short, the non-objectivism vs. objectivism and the relativism vs. absolutism polarities are orthogonal to each other, and it is the former pair that is usually taken to matter when it comes to characterizing anti-realism. Moral relativism is sometimes thought of as a version of anti-realism, but (short of stipulating usage) there is no basis for this classification; it is better to say that some versions of relativism may be anti-realist and others may be realist."
^Vayrynen, Pekka (2006). Encyclopedia of philosophy. Donald M. Borchert (2nd ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale/Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 379–382. ISBN0-02-865780-2. OCLC61151356. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61151356. "No single description is likely to capture all realist views, but a reasonably accurate rule is to understand moral realism as the conjunction of three theses: The semantic thesis: The primary semantic role of moral predicates (such as "right" and "wrong") is to refer to moral properties (such as rightness and wrongness), so that moral statements (such as "honesty is good" and "slavery is unjust") purport to represent moral facts, and express propositions that are true or false (or approximately true, largely false and so on). The alethic thesis: Some moral propositions are in fact true. The metaphysical thesis: Moral propositions are true when actions and other objects of moral assessment have the relevant moral properties (so that the relevant moral facts obtain), where these facts and properties are robust: their metaphysical status, whatever it is, is not relevantly different from that of (certain types of ordinary non-moral facts and properties)."
参考文献
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