Embolia paradossa

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Embolia paradossa
Difetto del setto interatriale, condizione più comune in caso di embolismo arterioso.
Specialitàcardiologia
Classificazione e risorse esterne (EN)
ICD-9-CM444.9
ICD-10I74.9
MeSHD019320

L'embolia paradossa è una forma di embolismo arterioso originato dal sistema venoso.

Epidemiologia

L'embolismo paradosso rappresenta il 2% del totale delle embolie arteriose[1].

Fisiopatologia

Essendo normalmente i compartimenti venoso e arterioso dell'apparato circolatorio separati dai polmoni, tale evenienza può presentarsi esclusivamente in presenza di shunt, dovuto alla presenza di un difetto interatriale, di un difetto interventricolare o di una fistola artero-venosa[2][3][4] In queste condizioni vi è la presenza di un passaggio diretto tra circolo venoso e arterioso, con la possibilità che l'embolo, che in una situazione normale finirebbe nel vasi polmonari, passi nel cuore sinistro e da qui in circolo verso il cervello, i reni, gli arti inferiori o altri tessuti e organi, causando un'ischemia[5].

Eziologia

Sebbene l'embolo sia generalmente dovuto al distacco di un trombo venoso[1], questo può essere costituito anche dal grasso del midollo osseo[6] o da gas, specialmente nei nuotatori subacquei[7], esattamente come avviene nell'embolia polmonare.

Trattamento

Il trattamento applicato è lo stesso effettuato nei casi usuali di embolia arteriosa[8].

Note

  1. ^ a b CE. Tang, Paradoxical embolism: a rare life- and limb-threatening emergency., in CJEM, vol. 6, n. 1, gennaio 2004, pp. 40-4, PMID 17433144.
  2. ^ Robbins, pp. 566-576, 1990.
  3. ^ S. Windecker, S. Stortecky, B. Meier, Paradoxical embolism., in J Am Coll Cardiol, vol. 64, n. 4, luglio 2014, pp. 403-15, DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.063, PMID 25060377.
  4. ^ A. Ito, Y. Ii; T. Higashigawa; S. Murashima; H. Tomimoto, A case of spectacular shrinking deficit caused by paradoxical cerebral embolism secondary to pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, in Brain Nerve, vol. 65, n. 12, dicembre 2013, pp. 1509-13, PMID 24323935.
  5. ^ G. Rigatelli, F. Dell'avvocata; D. Vassiliev; R. Daggubati; A. Buch; A. Nanjiundappa; M. Giordan; L. Oliva; D. Adami; P. Cardaioli, Pathophysiology of paradoxical embolism: evaluation of the role of interatrial septum anatomy based on the intracardiac echocardiography assessment of patients with right-to-left shunting., in Cardiol Young, ottobre 2013, pp. 1-8, DOI:10.1017/S1047951113001480, PMID 24103775.
  6. ^ NS. Piuzzi, G. Zanotti; FM. Comba; MA. Buttaro; F. Piccaluga, Paradoxical cerebral fat embolism in revision hip surgery., in Case Rep Orthop, vol. 2014, 2014, pp. 140757, DOI:10.1155/2014/140757, PMID 25184065.
  7. ^ J. Honěk, M. Srámek; L. Sefc; J. Januška; J. Fiedler; M. Horváth; A. Tomek; S. Novotný; T. Honěk; J. Veselka, Effect of conservative dive profiles on the occurrence of venous and arterial bubbles in divers with a patent foramen ovale: A pilot study., in Int J Cardiol, aprile 2014, DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.218, PMID 25168097.
  8. ^ M. Nayor, BA. Maron, Contemporary approach to paradoxical embolism., in Circulation, vol. 129, n. 18, maggio 2014, pp. 1892-7, DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005462, PMID 24799505.

Bibliografia

  • Longo D.L. , Fauci A.S. , Kasper D.L. , Hauser S.L., Harrison - Principi di medicina interna, 16ª ed., Milano, McGraw-Hill, 2005, ISBN 88-386-2999-4.
  • Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abbas, Nelson Fausto, Robbins e Cotran. Le basi patologiche delle malattie, Milano, Elsevier Italia, 2006, ISBN 88-85675-53-0.

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