Nymph

This article is about the creatures of Greek mythology. For other uses, see Nymph (disambiguation).
Nymph
William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Nymphs and Satyr, 1873. Clark Art Institute.
GroupingMythological
Sub groupingNature spirit
Similar entitiesMermaid, hellois, huldra
CountryGreece
Greek deities
series
Nymphs

A nymph (Ancient Greek: νύμφη, romanized: nýmphē; Attic Greek: [nýmpʰɛː]; sometimes spelled nymphe) is a minor female nature deity in ancient Greek folklore. Distinct from other Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature; they are typically tied to a specific place, landform, or tree, and are usually depicted as maidens. Because of their association with springs, they were often seen as having healing properties;[1] other divine powers of the nymphs included divination and shapeshifting.[2] Nymphs, like other goddesses, were immortal except for the Hamadryads, whose lives were bound to a specific tree.[3]

Nymphs are divided into various broad subgroups based on their habitat,[4] such as the Meliae (ash tree nymphs), the Dryads (oak tree nymphs), the Alseids (grove nymphs), the Naiads (spring nymphs), the Nereids (sea nymphs), the Oceanids (ocean nymphs), the Oreads (mountain nymphs), and the Epimeliads (apple tree and flock nymphs). Other nymphs included the Hesperides (evening nymphs), the Hyades (rain nymphs), and the Pleiades (companions of Artemis).

Nymphs featured in classic works of art, literature, and mythology. They are often attendants of goddesses and frequently occur in myths with a love motif, being the lovers of heroes and other deities.[4] Desirable and promiscuous, nymphs can rarely be fully domesticated, being often aggressive to their mortal affairs.[5][3] Since the Middle Ages, nymphs have been sometimes popularly associated or even confused with fairies.

Etymology

The Greek word nýmphē has the primary meaning of "young woman; bride, young wife" but is not usually associated with deities in particular. Yet the etymology of the noun nýmphē remains uncertain. The Doric and Aeolic (Homeric) form is nýmphā (νύμφα).[6]

Modern usage more often applies to young women, contrasting with parthenos (παρθένος) "a virgin (of any age)", and generically as kore (κόρη < κόρϝα) "maiden, girl". The term is sometimes used by women to address each other and remains the regular Modern Greek term for "bride".

Ancient Greek mythology

In this 1896 painting of Hylas and the Nymphs by John William Waterhouse, Hylas is abducted by the Naiads, i.e. fresh water nymphs

Nymphs were sometimes beloved by many and dwelt in specific areas related to the natural environment: e.g. mountainous regions; forests; springs. Other nymphs were part of the retinue of a god (such as Dionysus, Hermes, or Pan) or of a goddess (generally the huntress Artemis).[7]

The Greek nymphs were also spirits invariably bound to places, not unlike the Latin genius loci, and sometimes this produced complicated myths like the cult of Arethusa to Sicily. In some of the works of the Greek-educated Latin poets, the nymphs gradually absorbed into their ranks the indigenous Italian divinities of springs and streams (Juturna, Egeria, Carmentis, Fontus) while the Lymphae (originally Lumpae), Italian water goddesses, owing to the accidental similarity of their names, could be identified with the Greek Nymphae. The classical mythologies of the Roman poets were unlikely to have affected the rites and cults of individual nymphs venerated by country people in the springs and clefts of Latium. Among the Roman literate class, their sphere of influence was restricted and they appear almost exclusively as divinities of the watery element.[citation needed]

Greek folk religion

The ancient Greek belief in nymphs survived in many parts of the country into the early years of the twentieth century when they were usually known as "nereids".[8] Nymphs often tended to frequent areas distant from humans but could be encountered by lone travelers outside the village, where their music might be heard, and the traveler could spy on their dancing or bathing in a stream or pool, either during the noon heat or in the middle of the night.[9] They might appear in a whirlwind. Such encounters could be dangerous, bringing dumbness, besotted infatuation, madness or stroke to the unfortunate man. When parents believed their child to be nereid-struck, they would pray to the Saint Artemidos.[10][11]

Nymphs and fairies

Nymphs are often depicted in classic works across art, literature, mythology, and fiction. They are often associated with the medieval romances or Renaissance literature of the elusive fairies or elves.[12][13]

Sleeping nymph

The statue of a sleeping nymph in a grotto at Stourhead gardens, England.

A motif that entered European art during the Renaissance was the idea of a statue of a nymph sleeping in a grotto or spring.[14][15][16] This motif supposedly came from an Italian report of a Roman sculpture of a nymph at a fountain above the River Danube.[17] The report, and an accompanying poem supposedly on the fountain describing the sleeping nymph, are now generally concluded to be a fifteenth-century forgery, but the motif proved influential among artists and landscape gardeners for several centuries after, with copies seen at neoclassical gardens such as the grotto at Stourhead.[18][19][20]

List

All the names for various classes of nymphs have plural feminine adjectives, most agreeing with the substantive numbers and groups of nymphai. There is no single adopted classification that could be seen as canonical and exhaustive.[21] Some classes of nymphs tend to overlap, which complicates the task of precise classification. e.g. dryads and hamadryads as nymphs of trees generally, meliai as nymphs of ash trees.[21]

By dwelling or affinity

The following is not the authentic Greek classification, but is intended as a guide:

Type / Group / Individuals Location Relations and Notes
Celestial nymphs
Aurae (breezes) also called Aetae or Pnoae,[citation needed] daughters of Boreas[22]
Asteriae (stars) mainly comprising the Atlantides (daughters of Atlas)
Hesperides (evening) Far West nymphs of the sunset, the West, and the evening; daughters of Atlas; also had attributes of the Hamadryads[23]
• Aegle
• Arethusa
• Erytheia (or Eratheis) mother of Eurytion by Ares[24]
Hyades (star cluster; sent rain) Boeotia (probably) daughters of Atlas by either Pleione or Aethra[25]
Pleiades daughters of Atlas and Pleione;[26] constellation; also were classed as Oreads
• Maia Mt. Cyllene, Arcadia partner of Zeus and mother of Hermes[27]
• Electra Mt. Saon, Samothrace mother of Dardanus and Iasion by Zeus[28]
• Taygete Taygetos Mts., Laconia mother of Lacedaemon by Zeus[29]
• Alcyone Mt. Cithaeron, Boeotia mother of Hyperes and Anthas by Poseidon[30]
• Celaeno Mt. Cithaeron, Boeotia or Euboea mother of Lycus and Nycteus by Poseidon[31]
• Asterope Pisa, Elis mother of Oenomaus by Ares[32]
• Merope Corinth wife of Sisyphus and mother of Glaucus[33]
Nephele (clouds) daughters of Oceanus[34] and/or Tethys[35] or of Aither[36]
Land nymphs
Alseides (groves) [37]
Auloniades (valley pastures, glens)
Leimonides (meadows) [38]
Napaeae (dells) [39]
Oreads (mountains, grottoes), also Orodemniades
Wood and plant nymphs
Anthousai (flowers)
Dryades (trees)
Hamadryades or Hadryades
Daphnaeae (laurel tree)
Epimeliades or Epimelides (apple tree; also protected flocks) other name variants include Meliades, Maliades and Hamameliades; same as these are also the Boucolai (Pastoral Nymphs)
Kissiae (ivy)
Meliae (manna-ash tree) born from the drops of blood that fell on Gaia when Cronus castrated Uranus[40]
Hyleoroi (watchers of woods)
Water nymphs (Hydriades or Ephydriades)
Haliae (sea and seashores)
Nereids Mediterranean Sea 50 daughters of Nereus and Doris[41]
Naiads, Naides (fresh water)
Crinaeae (fountains)
Eleionomae (wetlands)
3. Limnades, Limnatides (lakes)
4. Pegaeae (springs)
5. Potameides (rivers)
Oceanids daughters of Oceanus and Tethys,[42] any freshwater, typically clouds and rain. see List of Oceanids
Underworld nymphs
• Orphne Hades is a representation of the darkness of the river Styx, the river of hatred, but is not to be confused with the goddess Styx herself nor with Nyx, goddess of night, despite being associated with both. She is the consort of Acheron, (the god of the river in Hades), and the mother of Ascalaphus, (the orchardist of Hades).[43]
• Leuce (white poplar tree) daughter of Oceanus and lover of Hades[44]
• Melinoe Orphic nymph, daughter of Persephone and "Zeus disguised as Pluto".[45] Her name is a possible epithet of Hecate.
• Minthe (mint) Cocytus River probably a daughter of Cocytus, lover of Hades and rival of Persephone[46][47]
Other nymphs
Lampades torch bearers in the retinue of Hecate[48]
Hecaterides (rustic dance) daughters of Hecaterus by a daughter of Phoroneus; sisters of the Dactyls and mothers of the Oreads and the Satyrs[49]
Kabeirides daughters of Cadmilus and sisters of the Kabeiroi[50] or of Hephaestus and Cabeiro[51]
Maenads or Bacchai or Bacchantes frenzied nymphs in the retinue of Dionysus
Lenai (wine-press)
Limnakides translated by Vian as "marsh nymphs" (Nymphes des Marais); older editions render their name as Limnaioi or Leimakides[52]
Mimallones (music)
Thyiai or Thyiades (thyrsus bearers)
Melissae (honey) likely a subgroup of Oreades or Epimelides

By location

The following is a list of individual nymphs or groups thereof associated with this or that particular location. Nymphs in such groups could belong to any of the classes mentioned above (Naiades, Oreades, and so on).

Groups and Individuals Location Relations and Notes
Aeaean Nymphs Aeaea Island handmaidens of Circe
Aegaeides Aegaeus River on the island of Scheria
Aesepides Aesepus River in Anatolia
• Abarbarea
Acheloides Achelous River in Acarnania
• Callirhoe, second wife of Alcmaeon
Acmenes Stadium in Olympia, Elis
Amnisiades Amnisos River on the island of Crete entered the retinue of Artemis
Anigrides Anigros River in Elis believed to cure skin diseases
Asopides Asopus River in Sicyonia and Boeotia
• Aegina Island of Aegina mother of Menoetius by Actor, and Aeacus by Zeus
• Asopis
• Chalcis Chalcis, Euboea regarded as the mother of the Curetes and Corybantes; perhaps the same as Combe and Euboea
• Cleone Cleonae, Argos one of the daughters of Asopus
• Combe Island of Euboea consort of Socus and mother by him of the seven Corybantes
• Corcyra Island of Corcyra mother of Phaiax by Poseidon
• Euboea Island of Euboea abducted by Poseidon; perhaps the same as Chalcis and Combe above
• Harpina Pisa, Elis mother of Oenomaus by Ares
• Ismene Ismenian spring of Thebes, Boeotia wife of Argus, eponymous king of Argus and thus, mother of Argus Panoptes and Iasus.
• Nemea Nemea, Argolis others called her the daughter of Zeus and Selene
• Oeroe or Plataia Plataea, Boeotia carried off by Zeus
• Ornea Ornia, Sicyon
• Peirene Corinth others called her father to be Oebalus or Achelous by Poseidon she became the mother of Lecheas and Cenchrias
• Salamis Island of Salamis mother of Cychreus by Poseidon
• Sinope Sinope, Anatolia mother of Syrus by Apollo
• Tanagra Tanagra, Boeotia mother of Leucippus and Ephippus by Poemander
• Thebe Thebes, Boeotia wife of Zethus and also said to have consorted with Zeus
• Thespeia Thespia, Boeotia abducted by Apollo
Astakides Lake Astacus, Bithynia appeared in the myth of Nicaea
• Nicaea Nicaea, Bithynia
Asterionides Asterion River, Argos daughters of the river god Asterion; nurses of the infant goddess Hera
• Acraea
• Euboea
• Prosymna
Carian Naiades (Caria) Caria
• Salmacis Halicarnassus, Caria
Nymphs of Ceos Island of Ceos
Corycian Nymphs (Corycian Cave) Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis daughters of the river god Pleistos
• Kleodora (or Cleodora) Mt. Parnassus, Phocis mother of Parnassus by Poseidon
• Corycia Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis mother of Lycoreus by Apollo
• Daphnis Mt. Parnassus, Phocis
• Melaina Dephi, Phocis mother of Delphos by Apollo
Cydnides River Cydnus in Cilicia
Cyrenaean Nymphs City of Cyrene, Libya
Cypriae Nymphs Island of Cyprus
Cyrtonian Nymphs Town of Cyrtone, Boeotia Κυρτωνιαι
Deliades Island of Delos daughters of Inopus, god of the river Inopus
Dodonides Oracle at Dodona
Erasinides Erasinos River, Argos daughters of the river god Erasinos; attendants of the goddess Britomartis.
• Anchiroe
• Byze
• Maera
• Melite
Nymphs of the river Granicus River Granicus daughters of the river-god Granicus
• Alexirhoe mother of Aesacus by Priam
• Pegasis mother of Atymnios by Emathion
Heliades River Eridanos daughters of Helios who were changed into trees
Himeriai Naiades Local springs at the town of Himera, Sicily
Hydaspides Hydaspers River, India nurses of infant Zagreus
Idaean Nymphs Mount Ida, Crete nurses of infant Zeus
• Ida
• Adrasteia
Inachides Inachos River, Argos daughters of the river god Inachus
• Io mother of Epaphus by Zeus
• Amymone
• Philodice wife of Leucippus of Messenia by whom she became the mother of Hilaeira, Phoebe and possibly Arsinoe
• Messeis
• Hyperia
• Mycene wife of Arestor and by him probably the mother of Argus Panoptes; eponym of Mycenae
Ionides Kytheros River in Elis daughters of the river god Cytherus
• Calliphaea
• Iasis
• Pegaea
• Synallaxis
Ithacian Nymphs Local springs and caves on the island of Ithaca
Ladonides Ladon River
Lamides or Lamusides Lamos River in Cilicia possible nurses of infant Dionysus
Leibethrides Mounts Helicon and Leibethrios in Boeotia; or Mount Leibethros in Thrace)
• Libethrias
• Petra
Lelegeides Lycia, Anatolia
Lycaean Nymphs Mount Lycaeus nurses of infant Zeus, perhaps a subgroup of the Oceanides
Melian Nymphs Island of Melos transformed into frogs by Zeus; not to be confused with the Meliae (ash tree nymphs
Mycalessides Mount Mycale in Caria, Anatolia
Mysian Nymphs Spring of Pegai near Lake Askanios in Bithynia who abducted Hylas
• Euneica
• Malis
• Nycheia
Naxian Nymphs Mount Drios on the island of Naxos nurses of infant Dionysus; were syncretized with the Hyades
• Cleide
• Coronis
• Philia
Neaerides Thrinacia Island daughters of Helios and Neaera, watched over Helios' cattle
Nymphaeides Nymphaeus River in Paphlagonia
Nysiads Mount Nysa nurses of infant Dionysos, identified with Hyades
Ogygian Nymphs Island of Ogygia four handmaidens of Calypso
Ortygian Nymphs Local springs of Syracuse, Sicily named for the island of Ortygia
Othreides Mount Othrys a local group of Hamadryads
Pactolides Pactolus River
• Euryanassa wife of Tantalus
Pelionides Mount Pelion nurses of the Centaurs
Phaethonides a synonym for the Heliades
Phaseides Phasis River
Rhyndacides Rhyndacus River in Mysia daughters of the river god Rhyndacus
Sithnides Fountain at the town of Megara
Spercheides River Spercheios one of them, Diopatra, was loved by Poseidon and the others were changed by him into trees
Sphragitides, or Cithaeronides Mount Cithaeron
Tagids, Tajids, Thaejids or Thaegids River Tagus in Portugal and Spain
Thessalides Peneus River in Thessaly
Thriae Mount Parnassos prophets and nurses of Apollo
Trojan Nymphs Local springs of Troy

Others

The following is a selection of names of the nymphs whose class was not specified in the source texts. For lists of Naiads, Oceanids, Dryades etc., see respective articles.

Individual names of some of the nymphs
Names Location Relations and Notes
Alphesiboea India loved by Dionysus[53]
Aora Crete eponym of the town Aoros in Crete[54]
Areia daughter of Cleochus and mother of Miletus by Apollo[55]
Axioche or Danais Elis mother of Chrysippus by Pelops[56][57]
Brettia Mysia eponym of Abrettene, Mysia[58]
Brisa brought up the god Dionysus[59]
Calybe Troy mother of Bucolion, Laomedon[60]
Carmentis or Carmenta Arcadia She had a son with Hermes, called Evander. Her son was the founder of Pallantium, one of the cities that was merged later into ancient Rome.[61]
Chalcea mother of Olympus by Zeus[62]
Chania a lover of Heracles
Chariclo Thebes mother of Tiresias by Everes[63]
Charidia mother of Alchanus by Zeus[62]
Chryse Lemnos fell in love with Philoctetes[64]
Cirrha Phocis eponym of Cirrha in Phocis[65]
Clymene mother of Tlesimenes by Parthenopaeus[66]
Cretheis briefly mentioned in Suda[67]
Crimisa Italy eponym of a city in Italy[68]
Deiopea one of Hera's nymphs who was promised to Aeolus[69]
Dodone Dodona eponym of Dodona[70]
Echemeia Cos spelled "Ethemea" by Hyginus, consort of Merops[71]
Eidothea Mt. Othrys mother by Eusiros of Cerambus[72]
Eunoë Phrygia possible mother of Hecuba by Dymas[73]
Eunoste Boeotia (possibly) nurse of Eunostus[74]
Euryte Athens mother of Halirrhothius by Poseidon[75]
Harmonia Akmonian Wood, near Themiscyra mother of the Amazons by Ares[76][77]
Hegetoria Rhodes consort of Ochimus[78]
Hemera mother of Iasion by Zeus
Himalia Rhodes mother of Cronius, Spartaios, and Cytos by Zeus[79]
Hyale belongs to the train of Artemis[80]
Hyllis Argos possible eponym of the tribe Hylleis and the city Hylle[81]
Idaea Crete mother of Cres[82] and Asterion[62] by Zeus
Idaea Mt. Ida, Troad mother of Teucer by Scamander[83]
Ithome Messenia one of the nurses of Zeus[84]
Laodice Argolis (possibly) mother of Apis by Phoroneus[citation needed]
Leucophryne Magnesia (possibly) priestess of Artemis Leucophryne
Lotis pursued by Priapus and was changed into a tree that bears her name[85]
Ma nymph in the suite of Rhea who nursed Zeus
Melanippe Attica (possibly) married Itonus, son of Amphictyon[86]
Melissa Crete nurse of Zeus[87]
Mendeis Thrace consort of Sithon[88]
Menodice daughter of Orion and mother of Hylas by Theiodamas[89]
Methone Pieria mother of Oeagrus by King Pierus of Emathia[90]
Myrmex Attica beloved companion of Athena whom she turned into an ant[91]
Nacole Phrygia eponym of Nacoleia in Phrygia[92]
Neaera Thrinacia mother of Lampetia and Phaethusa by Helios[93]
Neaera mother of Aegle by Zeus[citation needed]
Neaera Lydia mother of Dresaeus by Theiodamas[94]
Nymphe Samothrace mother of Saon by Zeus[95]
Oeneis mother of Pan by Hermes[96]
Oinoie Sicinus mother of Sicinus by Thoas[97]
Olbia Bithynia mother of Astacus by Poseidon[98]
Paphia possibly the mother of Cinyras by Eurymedon[99]
Pareia Paros mother of four sons by Minos[100]
Polydora one of the Danaïdes[101]
Pyronia mother of Iasion by Minos
Psalacantha Icaria changed into a plant by Dionysus[102]
Rhene Mt. Cyllene, Arcadia consorted with Oileus[103]
Semestra Thrace nurse of Keroessa[104]
Teledice Argolis (possibly) a consort of Phoroneus[105]
Thalia Sicily mother of the Palici by Zeus[106]
Thisbe Boeotia eponym of the town of Thisbe[107]
Tithorea Mt. Parnassus, Phocis eponym of the town of Tithorea (previously called Neon)[108]

In non-Greek tales influenced by Greek mythology

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Larson 2001, p. 5.
  2. ^ Larson 2001, p. 11, 71.
  3. ^ a b Parad, Carlos; Förlag, Maicar (1997). "Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology: Nymphs". Astrom Editions. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  4. ^ a b Grimal 1996, pp. 313–314.
  5. ^ Larson 2001, p. 4.
  6. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
  7. ^ Larson, Jennifer (1997). "Handmaidens of Artemis?". The Classical Journal. 92 (3): 249–257. JSTOR 3298110.
  8. ^ Lawson, John Cuthbert (1910). Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 131.
  9. ^ Lee, D. Demetracopoulou (1936). "Folklore of the Greeks in America". Folklore. 47 (3): 294–310. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1936.9718647. JSTOR 1256865.
  10. ^ "Heathen Artemis yielded her functions to her own genitive case transformed into Saint Artemidos", as Terrot Reaveley Glover phrased it in discussing the "practical polytheism in the worship of the saints", in Progress in Religion to the Christian Era 1922:107.
  11. ^ Tomkinson, John L. (2004). Haunted Greece: Nymphs, Vampires and Other Exotika (1st ed.). Athens: Anagnosis. chapter 3. ISBN 978-960-88087-0-6.
  12. ^ Kready, Laura (1916). A Study of Fairy Tales. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  13. ^ Briggs, Katharine Mary (1976). "Euphemistic names for fairies". An Encyclopedia of Fairies. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-394-73467-X.
  14. ^ Stephen John Campbell (2004). The Cabinet of Eros: Renaissance Mythological Painting and the Studiolo of Isabella D'Este. Yale University Press. pp. 95–6. ISBN 978-0-300-11753-0.
  15. ^ Maryan Wynn Ainsworth; Joshua P. Waterman; Dorothy Mahon (2013). German Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1350-1600. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 95–6. ISBN 978-1-58839-487-3.
  16. ^ Jay A. Levenson; National Gallery of Art (U.S.) (1991). Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. Yale University Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-300-05167-4.
  17. ^ Leonard Barkan (1999). Unearthing the Past: Archaeology and Aesthetics in the Making of Renaissance Culture. Yale University Press. pp. 237–8. ISBN 978-0-300-08911-0.
  18. ^ Elisabeth B. MacDougall (January 1994). Fountains, Statues, and Flowers: Studies in Italian Gardens of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 37–56. ISBN 978-0-88402-216-9.
  19. ^ Kenneth Gross (1992). The Dream of the Moving Statue. Cornell University Press. pp. 170–175. ISBN 978-0-8014-2702-2.
  20. ^ a b Rose, Herbert Jennings (1959). A Handbook of Greek Mythology (1st ed.). New York: E. P. Dutton. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-525-47041-0.
  21. ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, 1.683 ff.
  22. ^ Diodorus Siculus, 4.26.2
  23. ^ Stesichorus, Geryoneis Frag S8
  24. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 192
  25. ^ Apollodorus, 3.10.1
  26. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 938
  27. ^ Apollodorus, 3.12.1
  28. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 155
  29. ^ Pausanias, 2.30.8
  30. ^ Apollodorus, 3.10.1
  31. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 84
  32. ^ Hyginus, Astronomica 2.21
  33. ^ Aristophanes, Clouds 264
  34. ^ Orphic Hymn 22
  35. ^ Aristophanes, Clouds 563
  36. ^ Homer, Iliad 20.4
  37. ^ Malkin, Irad (2016). "Nymphs". Oxford Classical Dictionary. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4487.
  38. ^ Statius, Thebaid 9.385
  39. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 182–187
  40. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 240-262
  41. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 365–366
  42. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 5.539 ff
  43. ^ Servius, Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid 7.61
  44. ^ Orphic Hymn 71
  45. ^ Oppian, Halieutica 3.485 ff
  46. ^ Strabo, 8.3.14
  47. ^ Scholia minora on Homer's Iliad, 6.21 [= Alcman, fr. 63 Campbell, pp. 438, 439 = fr. 63 PMG (Page, p. 53)].
  48. ^ Strabo, 10.3.19
  49. ^ Acusilaus Frag as cited in Strabo, 10.3.21
  50. ^ Strabo, 10.3.21 citing Pherecydes
  51. ^ Vian, commentary on line 646, p. 120; Orphic Argonautica 646 (Vian, p. 120).
  52. ^ Pseudo-Plutarch, De fluviis 24
  53. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Aōros
  54. ^ Apollodorus, 3.1.2
  55. ^ Scholia on Euripides, Orestes, 4; on Pindar, Olympian Ode 1.144
  56. ^ Plutarch, Parallela minora 33
  57. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Abrettēnē
  58. ^ Schol. ad Pers. Sat. i. 76.
  59. ^ Apollodorus, 3.12.3
  60. ^ "Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 2.1".
  61. ^ a b c Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.21–23
  62. ^ Apollodorus, 3.6.7
  63. ^ Sophocles, Philoctetes 1327
  64. ^ Pausanias, 10.37.5
  65. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 71
  66. ^ Suida, s.v. Kretheus
  67. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Krimisa
  68. ^ Virgil, Aeneid 1.71-75
  69. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Dodone
  70. ^ Hyginus, Astronomica 2.16.2
  71. ^ Antoninus Liberalis, 22 vs Cerambus
  72. ^ Scholia on Homer's Iliad 16. 718 with Pherecydes as the authority
  73. ^ Plutarch, Quaestiones Graecae 40
  74. ^ Apollodorus, 3.14.2
  75. ^ "Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, Book 2".
  76. ^ "ARGONAUTICA BOOK 2".
  77. ^ Diodorus Siculus, 5.57.7
  78. ^ Diodorus Siculus, 5.55.5
  79. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 3.155
  80. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Hylleis
  81. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Krētē
  82. ^ Apollodorus, 3.12.1
  83. ^ Pausanias, 4.33.1
  84. ^ Ovid, Fasti 1.416 & 1.423; Metamorphoses, 9.347
  85. ^ Pausanias, 9.1.1
  86. ^ Lactantius, Divine Institutes 1.22.3
  87. ^ Conon, Narrations 10
  88. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 14
  89. ^ Of the Origin of Homer and Hesiod and their Contest, Fragment 1. Translated by Evelyn-White.
  90. ^ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology s.v. Myrmex
  91. ^ Suida, s.v. Nakoleia
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  93. ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, 1.290–291
  94. ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae 1.61.3
  95. ^ Scholiast ad Theocritus, 1.3
  96. ^ Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.620 ff with scholia on 1.623
  97. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Astakos
  98. ^ Scholia on Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.28
  99. ^ Apollodorus, 3.1.2
  100. ^ Antoninus Liberalis, 32
  101. ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History 5 in Photius, Myrobiblion 190
  102. ^ Homer, Iliad 2.728
  103. ^ "Dionysius of Byzantium, Anaplous of the Bosporos, §24".
  104. ^ Apollodorus, 2.1.1
  105. ^ Macrobius, Saturnalia 5.19.15
  106. ^ Pausanias, 9.32.3
  107. ^ Pausanias, 10.32.9

References