Northern sportive lemur

Northern sportive lemur
Conservation status
	; Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
	CITES Appendix I (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Strepsirrhini
Family:	Lepilemuridae
Genus:	Lepilemur
Species:	L. septentrionalis
Binomial name
	Lepilemur septentrionalis; Rumpler & Albignac, 1975
	Distribution of L. septentrionalis
Synonyms
	sahafarensis Rumpler & Albignac, 1975;

The northern sportive lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis), also known as the Sahafary sportive lemur or northern weasel lemur, is a species of lemur in the family Lepilemuridae. It is endemic to Madagascar. As a result of severe ecological and human pressures, the lemur is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) by the IUCN Red List.^[1]

Taxonomy

The genus Lepilemur was initially thought to comprise only 2 species: L. mustelinus and L. ruficaudatus, with the latter subdivided into 2 subspecies.^[4] The genus was later reclassified as having only 1 species, mustelinus, with 5 subspecies.^[5] In 1977, Petter et al. increased the species number of the genus to 7, at which point the species L. septentrionalis was demarcated, and classified as having 4 subspecies.^[6] As 2 of these subspecies were not geographically distinct, the number of L. septentrionalis subspecies was eventually condensed to 2: L. s. septentrionalis and L. s. ankaranensis.^[7] As a result of subsequent cytogenetic and molecular analyses, the 7 species of Lepilemur were confirmed by Rumpler et al., but the L. s. ankarensis subspecies was elevated to the status of full species, resulting in 8 species of lemur classified within the genus.^[8] A further three molecular genetic studies have led to the inclusion of another 15 species of Lepilemur, making it the most diverse lemur genus at 23 species.^[9]^[10] In 2004, a study of the evolutionary relationships of various subpopulations of the northern sportive lemur was carried out, in which sequence analyses of the mitochondrial DNA of a large number of L. septentrionalis individuals from the different subpopulations were performed. A significant number of fixed differences present in the lemurs in the Sahafary region distinguished them from the lemurs in other regions, suggesting that the northern sportive lemur in fact exists as two separate cryptic species, most likely caused by chromosomal rearrangements in one of the L. septentrionalis evolutionary lineages.^[11]

Description

L. septentrionalis is a sportive lemur, so named due to the boxing-like stance assumed by the lemur when threatened.^[12] Northern sportive lemurs grow to a height of around 53 cm (21 in). They have a head and body length and tail length averaging at 25 and 28 cm (9.8 and 11.0 in) respectively, and weigh an average of 0.7 to 0.8 kg (1.5 to 1.8 lb).^[13] Their diminutive size makes them one of the smallest species in the genus Lepilemur. Their ears are also relatively less prominent than in the other Lepilemur species. They have a grey underside and their fur coat is a grey-brown colour, which is darkest at the crown and moves down the dorsal line in a dark grey stripe, ending in the rump and the hind limbs as a paler grey.^[13] The lemurs often adopt an upright vertical posture, using enlarged and fleshy digital pads on their hands and feet to cling tightly to tree branches. The lemurs can leap from this vertical position, making them an agile arboreal species.^[14] Their forward-facing large eyes give the lemurs binocular vision.^[13]

Distribution and habitat

The northern sportive lemur inhabits a highly restricted range in Northern Madagascar. The species is located from the left bank of the Loky River to the coast.^[15] The natural habitat of the species consists of small patches of deciduous forests north of the Irodo River,^[16] near the villages of Madirobe and Ankarongana in the Sahafary region and in the immediate vicinity of Andrahona, which is a small mountain that arises out lowlands south of Antsiranana.^[17]

Behaviour

The northern sportive lemur is nocturnal, foraging for food at night and sleeping in the day. The lemurs sleep in holes or dense foliage in trees ranging from 1 to 8 metres (3.3 to 26.2 ft). Females will leave their young on a branch when foraging for food. Males are solitary and territorial, and their territories often overlap with many female home ranges. Male lemurs will aggressively defend their territories in the mating season. The male is generally thought to be loosely polygynous,^[14] but it has been suggested that males can be monogamous.^[18] L. septentrionalis individuals communicate through chemical communication in the form of latrine behaviour to mark territory, as well as vocal communication (calls). There are two main calls: a loud crow-like call and a contact rejection call. The loud call is used by the lemurs to reveal their presence and territorial claims to other individuals.^[14] The contact rejection call is a series of resonant hisses followed by a two-phase vocalisation, most commonly heard when two individuals approach each other in the wild. The contact rejection call is also heard when conspecifics come into contact with each other in captivity, at which point they may also strike each other with their hands.^[19]

Breeding interval	Breeding season	Average number of offspring	Range gestation period	Average weaning age	Average time to independence	Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)	Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Once per year	April to August	1	120 to 150 days	4 months	1 year	18 months	18 months

Ecology

The northern sportive lemur is a foliovorous species, though they will also eat fruits and flowers to supplement their diet. Similarly to the other sportive lemurs, L. septentrionalis is caecotrophic, consuming its own faeces to digest food for a second time.^[15] The species have large bacteria-filled ceca, which helps them to digest plant matter such as cellulose and break it down into sugars and starches.

Conservation

The northern sportive lemur is preyed on by the native Malagasy tree boa, which hunts the lemurs while they are sleeping in tree holes. Large birds of prey, Falconiformes and Strigiformes, are also natural predators of the lemurs. Along with these ecological threats, the arboreal lemur species are also highly threatened by human charcoal production, which still continues to remove the only remaining forest habitat of the lemurs, greatly restricting their range. L. septentrionalis is also illegally hunted as bushmeat.^[12] This combination of threats has severely reduced the population of the lemurs to only a few hundred individuals, as estimated by the IUCN Red List.^[1] They are classified as Critically Endangered under the IUCN Red List and are listed on CITES Appendix I, which only permits their trade in exceptional circumstances.^[20] The known habitat range of the lemurs does not overlap with any protected areas, and although the Andrahona Forest is considered sacred in Madagascar, it shows signs of human incursion.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Louis, E.E.; Bailey, C.A.; Frasier, C.L.; Sefczek, T.M.; Raharivololona, B.; Schwitzer, C.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Wilmet, L.; Andriajaona, A.; Rasoamazava, L.; Rakotomalala, V.F.; Dinsmore, M. (2020). "Lepilemur septentrionalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T11622A115567059. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11622A115567059.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
^ Schwarz, Ernst (21 August 2009). "20. A Revision of the Genera and Species of Madagascar Lemuridae". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 101 (2): 399–428. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1931.tb01020.x.
^ Petter, J. J.; Petter-Rousseaux, A. (1960). "Remarques Sur La Systématique du Genre Lepilemur". Mammalia. 24 (1). doi:10.1515/mamm.1960.24.1.76. S2CID 83740368.
^ Petter, Jean-Jacques; et al. (1992). Le Génie animal. Paris: Nathan. ISBN 2-09-241042-3.
^ Groves, Colin (2001). Primate taxonomy. Washington [u.a.]: Smithsonian Inst. Press. ISBN 978-1560988724.
^ Rumpler, Yves; Prosper; Hauwy, Marcel; Rabarivola, Clément; Rakotoarisoa, Gilbert; Dutrillaux, Bernard (2002). "Chromosomal evolution of the Hapalemur griseus subspecies (Malagasy Prosimian), including a new chromosomal polymorphic cytotype". Chromosome Research. 10 (2): 145–153. doi:10.1023/A:1014953202718. PMID 11993935. S2CID 23728128.
^ Louis Jr, Edward E; et al. (2006). Molecular and morphological analyses of the sportive lemurs (Family Megaladapidae: Genus Lepilemur) reveals 11 previously unrecognized species. Lubbock, TX: Museum of Texas Tech University. ISBN 1-929330-10-3.
^ Rabarivola, C.; Zaramody, A.; Fausser, J.-L.; Andriaholinirina, N.; Roos, C.; Zinner, D.; et al. (2006). "Cytogenetic and molecular characteristics of a new species of sportive lemur from northern Madagascar" (PDF). Lemur News. 11: 45–49.
^ Ravaoarimanana, IB; Tiedemann, R; Montagnon, D; Rumpler, Y (May 2004). "Molecular and cytogenetic evidence for cryptic speciation within a rare endemic Malagasy lemur, the Northern Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis)". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 31 (2): 440–8. Bibcode:2004MolPE..31..440R. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.08.020. PMID 15062786.
^ ^a ^b Garbutt, Nick (2007). Mammals of Madagascar : a complete guide ([Rev.] ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300125504.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tattersall, Ian (1982). The primates of Madagascar. New York: Columbia Univ. Pr. ISBN 0231047045.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fleagle, John G. (2013). Primate adaptation and evolution (3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 978-0123786326.
^ ^a ^b Ratsirarson, J. (1987). Contribution a l'etude comparative de l'eco-ethologie de Lemur catta dans deux habitats differents de la Reserve Speciale de Beza-Mahafaly. Universite de Madagascar.
^ Thornback, compiled by [for] the World Conservation Monitoring Centre by Caroline Harcourt with assistance from Jane (1990). Lemurs of Madagascar and the Comoros. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISBN 2880329574.
^ Mittermeier, Russell A.; Ganzhorn, Jörg U.; Konstant, William R.; Glander, Kenneth; Tattersall, Ian; Groves, Colin P.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Hapke, Andreas; Ratsimbazafy, Jonah; Mayor, Mireya I.; Louis, Edward E.; Rumpler, Yves; Schwitzer, Christoph; Rasoloarison, Rodin M. (4 December 2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y. hdl:10161/6237. S2CID 17614597.
^ Jolly, Alison (1998). "Pair-Bonding, Female Aggression and the Evolution of Lemur Societies". Folia Primatologica. 69 (Suppl. 1): 1–13. doi:10.1159/000052693. PMID 9595685. S2CID 46767773.
^ Martin, R.D.; Doyle, G.A., eds. (1979). The Study of prosimian behavior. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0122221507.
^ "Appendices I, II and III". CITES. Retrieved 26 March 2014.