List of Nepenthes species

Sympatric upper pitchers of N. jamban (left) and N. lingulata (right) in Sumatran upper montane forest

This list of Nepenthes species is a comprehensive listing of all known species of the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes. It includes 179 recognised extant species, 2 incompletely diagnosed taxa, and 3 nothospecies. Three possible extinct species are also covered.

The official IUCN conservation status of each species is taken from the latest edition of the IUCN Red List.[1] Unofficial assessments based on the IUCN criteria are also included, but are presented in italics. Unless otherwise noted, taxonomic determinations and all other information are sourced from Stewart McPherson's two-volume Pitcher Plants of the Old World, published in 2009.[2] Where recent literature provides an altitudinal distribution that falls outside the range given in Pitcher Plants of the Old World, the discrepancy is noted.

All major islands within a species's geographic range are included. Smaller surrounding islands are listed separately under "Minor islands", though these lists are not exhaustive. In the case of archipelagos such as the Philippines, the individual islands to which the species is native are shown in brackets.

Authorities are presented in the form of a standard author citation, using abbreviations specified by the International Plant Names Index.[3] Years given denote the year of the species's formal publication under the current name, thus excluding the earlier basionym date of publication if one exists.

Extant species

Species Authority Year Image Distribution Altitudinal distribution IUCN conservation status
Nepenthes abalata[4] Jebb & Cheek[4] 2013[4] Philippines (Culion, Cuyo, Malalison)[4] 0–20 m[4] Least Concern
Nepenthes abgracilis[5] Jebb & Cheek[5] 2013[5] Philippines (Mindanao)[5] 670 m[5] Critically Endangered[5]
Nepenthes adnata Tamin & M.Hotta ex Schlauer 1994          Sumatra 600–1200 m Endangered
Nepenthes aenigma[6] Nuytemans, W.Suarez & Calaramo[6] 2016[6] Philippines (Luzon)[6] c. 1200 m[6] Data Deficient[6]
Nepenthes alata Blanco 1837 Philippines (Luzon)[7][nb 1] 550–? m[nb 1] Least Concern
Nepenthes alba Ridl. 1924 Peninsular Malaysia 1600–2187 m Least Concern
Nepenthes albomarginata T.Lobb ex Lindl. 1849 Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra

Minor islands: Nias, Penang		 0–1100 m[nb 2] Least Concern
Nepenthes alfredoi V.B.Amoroso, N.E.Lagunday, F.P. Coritico & R.D.Colong[9] 2017[9][10] Philippines (Mindanao)[9] 160–345 m[9] Critically Endangered[9]
Nepenthes alzapan[11] Jebb & Cheek[11] 2013[11] Philippines (Luzon)[11] 1800 m[11] Data Deficient
Nepenthes ampullaria Jack 1835 Borneo, Maluku Islands, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand

Minor islands:[12] Bangka Belitung Islands[13] (Bangka), Bengkalis, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi), Nias, Penang, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands,[14] Riau Archipelago), Rupat		 0–2100 m Least Concern
Nepenthes andamana[15] M.Catal.[15] 2010[15] Thailand[15] 0–50 m[16]
Nepenthes angasanensis Maulder, D.Schub., B.R.Salmon & B.Quinn 1999 Sumatra 2200–2800 m Least Concern
Nepenthes appendiculata[17] Chi.C.Lee, Bourke, Rembold, W.Taylor & S.T.Yeo[17] 2011[17] Borneo[17] 1450–1700 m[17] Least Concern
Nepenthes argentii Jebb & Cheek 1997 Philippines (Sibuyan) 1400–1900 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes aristolochioides Jebb & Cheek 1997 Sumatra 1800–2500 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes armin[18] Jebb & Cheek[18] 2014[18] Philippines (Sibuyan)[18] 750 m[18] Least Concern
Nepenthes attenboroughii A.S.Rob., S.McPherson & V.B.Heinrich 2009 Philippines (Palawan) 1450[19]–1726 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes barcelonae[20] Tandang & Cheek[20] 2015[20] Philippines (Luzon)[20] 1500–1700 m[20] Critically Endangered[20]
Nepenthes beccariana Macfarl. 1908 Nias, Sumatra?[21] unknown
(0–<800 m)[22]		 Data Deficient[23]
Nepenthes bellii K.Kondo 1969 Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao) 0–800 m Least Concern
Nepenthes benstonei C.Clarke 1999 Peninsular Malaysia 150[24]–1350 m[25] Data Deficient[21][23]
Nepenthes berbulu H.L.Tan, G.Lim, Mey, Golos, Wistuba, S.McPherson & A.S.Rob. 2023[26] Peninsular Malaysia[26] 1400–2100 m[26] Endangered
Nepenthes biak[27] Jebb & Cheek[27] 2018[27] Schouten Islands (Biak)[27] sea level[27] Critically Endangered[27]
Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook.f. 1873 Borneo 0–?950 m[nb 3] Vulnerable
Nepenthes bokorensis Mey 2009 Cambodia 800–1080 m Endangered[28]
Nepenthes bongso Korth. 1839 Sumatra 1000–2700 m Least Concern
Nepenthes boschiana Korth. 1839 Borneo 1200–1800 m[nb 4] Endangered
Nepenthes bracteosa Suran. & Nuanlaong 2022 Thailand 710–760 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes burbidgeae Hook.f. ex Burb. 1882 Borneo 1200–1800 m[nb 5] Endangered
Nepenthes burkei Hort.Veitch ex Mast. 1889 Philippines (Mindoro, Panay?) 1100–2000 m Conservation Dependent[23]
Nepenthes cabanae[31] Lagunday, N. E. & Amoroso, V. B.[31] 2019 [31] Philippines (Mindanao)[31] 1020–1050 m[31] Critically Endangered[31]
Nepenthes calcicola[32][33] Gary W.Wilson, S.Venter & Damas[32][33] 2023[32][33] Papua New Guinea[32][33] 250–270 m[32] Vulnerable[32]
Nepenthes campanulata Sh.Kurata 1973 Borneo, Philippines (Palawan?[34]) 100–300 m[34] Vulnerable
Nepenthes candalaga Lagunday & V. B. Amoroso 2022 Philippines (Mindanao)[35] 1800 – 2100 m[35] Critically Endangered
Nepenthes ceciliae[36] Gronem., Coritico, Micheler, Marwinski, Acil & V.B.Amoroso[36] 2011[36] Philippines (Mindanao)[36] 1500–1880 m[36] Critically Endangered[37]
Nepenthes chang[38] M.Catal.[38] 2010[38] Thailand[38] 300–600 m[38]
Nepenthes chaniana C.Clarke, Chi.C.Lee & S.McPherson 2006 Borneo 1100–1800 m Endangered
Nepenthes cid[5] Jebb & Cheek[5] 2013[5] Philippines (Mindanao)[5] 770 m[5] Critically Endangered[5]
Nepenthes clipeata Danser 1928 Borneo 600–800 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes copelandii Merr. ex Macfarl. 1908 Philippines (Mindanao) 1100–2400 m[19] Least Concern
Nepenthes cornuta[39] Marwinski, Coritico, Wistuba, Micheler, Gronem., Gieray & V.B.Amoroso[39] 2014[39] Philippines (Mindanao)[39] ~1000 m[39] Vulnerable[39]
Nepenthes danseri Jebb & Cheek 1997 Raja Ampat Islands (Waigeo)[40] 0–320 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes deaniana Macfarl. 1908 Philippines (Palawan) 1180–1296 m Near Threatened
Nepenthes densiflora Danser 1940 Sumatra 1700–3200 m Least Concern
Nepenthes diabolica[41] A.Bianchi, Chi.C.Lee, Golos, Mey, M.Mansur & A.S.Rob.[41] 2020[41] Sulawesi[41] 2200–2300 m[41] Critically Endangered[41]
Nepenthes diatas Jebb & Cheek 1997 Sumatra 2400–2900 m Least Concern
Nepenthes distillatoria L. 1753 Sri Lanka 0–700 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes domei[42] M.N.Faizal, A.Amin, & A.Latiff[42] 2020[42] Peninsular Malaysia[42] 850–1000 m[42] Vulnerable[42]
Nepenthes dubia Danser 1928 Sumatra 1600–2700 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes edwardsiana H.Low ex Hook.f. 1859 Borneo 1600–2700 m[nb 6] Vulnerable
Nepenthes ephippiata Danser 1928 Borneo 1300–2000 m[nb 7] Vulnerable
Nepenthes epiphytica[44] A.S.Rob., Nerz & Wistuba[44] 2011[44] Borneo[44] ~1000 m[44]
Nepenthes erucoides[45] A.S. Rob. & S.G. Zamudio[45] 2019[45] Philippines (Dinagat Islands)[45] 800–929 m[45] Critically endangered[45]
Nepenthes eustachya Miq. 1858 Sumatra 0–1600 m Least Concern
Nepenthes extincta[46] Jebb & Cheek[46] 2013[46] Philippines (Mindanao)[46] c. 400 m[46] Critically Endangered[46]
Nepenthes eymae Sh.Kurata 1984 Sulawesi 1000–2000 m Least Concern
Nepenthes faizaliana J.H.Adam & Wilcock 1991 Borneo 400–1600 m Least Concern
Nepenthes flava Wistuba, Nerz & A.Fleischm. 2007 Sumatra 1800–2200 m
Nepenthes fractiflexa[47] Golos, A.S.Rob. & Barer[47] 2020[47] Borneo[47] 1400–2150 m[47] Near Threatened[47]
Nepenthes fusca Danser 1928 Borneo 300[48]–2500 m Least Concern
Nepenthes gantungensis[49] S.McPherson, Cervancia, Chi.C.Lee, Jaunzems, Mey & A.S.Rob.[49] 2010[49] Philippines (Palawan)[49] 1600–1784 m[49] Vulnerable
Nepenthes glabrata J.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton 1984 Sulawesi 1600–2100 m Least Concern
Nepenthes glandulifera Chi.C.Lee 2004 Borneo 1100–1700 m
Nepenthes graciliflora[7] Elmer[7] 1912[7] Philippines (Bohol, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay, Samar, Sibuyan)[7] 300–1280 m[7] Least Concern
Nepenthes gracilis Korth. 1839 Borneo, Cambodia,[50] Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand

Minor islands:[12] Bangka Belitung Islands[13] (Bangka, Belitung[51]), Batu Islands, Bengkalis, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Labuan,[52] Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi), Musala, Nias, Penang, Phuket, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands,[14] Riau Archipelago), Rupat		 0–1100 m[nb 8] Least Concern
Nepenthes gracillima Ridl. 1908 Peninsular Malaysia 1400–2000 m[24] Least Concern
Nepenthes gymnamphora Reinw. ex Nees 1824 Java, Sumatra 600–2800 m Least Concern
Nepenthes halmahera[40] Cheek[40] 2015[40] Maluku Islands (Halmahera)[40] 10–760 m[40] Least Concern
Nepenthes hamata J.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton 1984 Sulawesi 1400–2500 m Least Concern
Nepenthes hamiguitanensis[53] Gronem., Wistuba, V.B.Heinrich, S.McPherson, Mey & V.B.Amoroso[53] 2010[53] Philippines (Mindanao)[53] 1200–1600 m[53] Vulnerable[53]
Nepenthes harauensis[54] Hernawati, R.Satria & Chi.C.Lee [54] 2022 [54] Sumatra[54] 1100–1400 m [54] Unassessed(?)[54]
Nepenthes hemsleyana[55] Macfarl.[55] 1908[55] Borneo[55] 0–200 m[56] Conservation Dependent[57]
Nepenthes hirsuta Hook.f. 1873 Borneo 200–1100 m[nb 9] Least Concern
Nepenthes hirtella Nuanlaong & Suran. 2022 Thailand 348 - 355 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes hispida Beck 1895 Borneo 100–800 m Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes holdenii[59] Mey[59] 2010[59] Cambodia[59] 600–800 m[59] Near Threatened[59]
Nepenthes hurrelliana Cheek & A.L.Lamb 2003 Borneo 1300[48]–2400 m Least Concern
Nepenthes inermis Danser 1928 Sumatra 1500–2600 m Least Concern
Nepenthes insignis Danser 1928 New Guinea[27] 0–850 m Least Concern
Nepenthes izumiae Troy Davis, C.Clarke & Tamin 2003 Sumatra 1700–1900 m Least Concern
Nepenthes jacquelineae C.Clarke, Troy Davis & Tamin 2001 Sumatra 1700–2200 m Data Deficient[21][23] / Conservation Dependent[60]
Nepenthes jamban Chi.C.Lee, Hernawati & Akhriadi 2006 Sumatra 1800–2100 m
Nepenthes junghuhnii sensu Macfarl. in sched. nom.nud. 1917 Sumatra 1220 m Data Deficient[23]
Nepenthes justinae[6] Gronem., Wistuba, Mey & V.B.Amoroso[6] 2016[6] Philippines (Mindanao)[6] 1000–1620 m[6] Vulnerable[6]
Nepenthes kampalili[61] Lagunday & V.B. Amoroso[61] 2024[61] Philippines (Mindanao)[61] 2200–2320 m[61] Critically Endangered[61]
Nepenthes kampotiana Lecomte 1909 Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam[62] 0–600 m[24] Least Concern
Nepenthes kerrii[63] M.Catal. & Kruetr.[63] 2010[63] Thailand

Minor islands: Langkawi?[64]		 400–500 m Least Concern
Nepenthes khasiana Hook.f. 1873 India 500–1500 m Endangered
Nepenthes kitanglad[46] Jebb & Cheek[46] 2013[46] Philippines (Mindanao)[46] 1800–2100 m[46] Critically Endangered[46]
Nepenthes klossii Ridl. 1916 New Guinea 930[65]–2000 m Endangered
Nepenthes kongkandana M.Catal. & Kruetr.[66] 2015[66] Thailand 0–50 m
Nepenthes krabiensis[67] Nuanlaong, Onsanit, Chusangrach & Suraninpong[67] 2016[67] Thailand[67] 600–700 m[67] Critically Endangered[67]
Nepenthes lamii Jebb & Cheek 1997 New Guinea 3200–3520 m[68] Least Concern
Nepenthes latiffiana[42] M.N.Faizal, A.Amin & N.Dome[42] 2020[42] Peninsular Malaysia[42] 1000-1100 m[42] Vulnerable[42]
Nepenthes lavicola Wistuba & Rischer 1996 Sumatra 2000–2600 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes leonardoi[69] S.McPherson, Bourke, Cervancia, Jaunzems & A.S.Rob.[69] 2011[69] Philippines (Palawan)[69] 1300–1490 m[69] Least Concern
Nepenthes leyte[46] Jebb & Cheek[46] 2013[46] Philippines (Leyte)[46] 900 m[46] Critically Endangered[46]
Nepenthes limiana[70] Wistuba, Mey, Golos, S. McPherson & A.S. Rob.[70] 2023[70] Malaysia[70] 700-2171 m [70] Data Deficient[70]
Nepenthes lingulata Chi.C.Lee, Hernawati & Akhriadi 2006 Sumatra 1700–2100 m
Nepenthes longifolia Nerz & Wistuba 1994 Sumatra 300–1100 m Least Concern
Nepenthes longiptera Victoriano 2021 Sumatra[71] 750 - 1600 m Endangered[71]
Nepenthes lowii Hook.f. 1859 Borneo 1650–2600 m[nb 10] Vulnerable
Nepenthes macfarlanei Hemsl. 1905 Peninsular Malaysia 900–2150 m Least Concern
Nepenthes macrophylla (Marabini) Jebb & Cheek 1997 Borneo 2200–2642 m[nb 11] Critically Endangered
Nepenthes macrovulgaris J.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton 1988 Borneo 300–1200 m[nb 12] Least Concern
Nepenthes madagascariensis Poir. 1797 Madagascar 0–500 m Least Concern
Nepenthes malayensis[74] A.Amin, M.N.Faizal & Dome 2020[74] Peninsular Malaysia (Terengganu) 800-1000 m[74] Critically Endangered[74]
Nepenthes malimumuensis[75] Lagunday, Acma, Cabana, Sabas & V.B. Amoroso 2017 Philippines (Mindanao) 1000–1020 m Critically Endangered[75]
Nepenthes manobo[75] Lagunday, Acma, Cabana, Sabas & V.B. Amoroso 2017 Philippines (Mindanao) 1000–1020 m Critically Endangered[75]
Nepenthes mantalingajanensis Nerz & Wistuba 2007 Philippines (Palawan) 1700–2085 m Least Concern
Nepenthes mapuluensis J.H.Adam & Wilcock 1990 Borneo 700–800 m Endangered
Nepenthes maryae[76] Jebb & Cheek[76] 2016[76] Sulawesi[76] 2100 m[76] Vulnerable[76]
Nepenthes masoalensis Schmid-Hollinger 1977 Madagascar 0–400 m Endangered
Nepenthes maxima Reinw. ex Nees 1824 D'Entrecasteaux Islands,[77] Maluku Islands, New Guinea, Sulawesi

Minor islands: Wowoni?[78]		 40[79]–2600 m Least Concern
Nepenthes maximoides[80] King & Cheek[80] 2020[80] Philippines (Luzon, possibly Mt. Banahaw)[80] Critically Endangered(possibly Extinct)[80]
Nepenthes merrilliana Macfarl. 1911 Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao, Samar[81]) 0–1100 m[19] Vulnerable
Nepenthes micramphora V.B.Heinrich, S.McPherson, Gronem. & V.B.Amoroso 2009 Philippines (Mindanao) 1100–1635 m Critically Endangered[37]
Nepenthes mikei B.R.Salmon & Maulder 1995 Sumatra 1100–2800 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes mindanaoensis Sh.Kurata 2001 Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao) 0–1400 m Least Concern
Nepenthes minima[82] Jebb & Cheek[82] 2016[82] Sulawesi[82] 1000–1700 m[82] Vulnerable[82]
Nepenthes mira Jebb & Cheek 1998 Philippines (Palawan) 1550–1605 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce 1869[83] Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, Caroline Islands (Palau, Yap), China (Guangdong Province, Hainan,[84] Hong Kong, Macau), D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Java, Laos, Louisiade Archipelago, Maluku Islands, Myanmar, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao), Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam

Minor islands:[12] Babi, Bangka Belitung Islands[13] (Bangka), Banyak Islands, Batu Islands, Bengkalis, Enggano, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (North Pagai, Siberut, Sipura, South Pagai), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi), Nias, Penang, Phuket, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Riau Archipelago), Rupat, Tawi-Tawi,[46] Wowoni?[78]		 0–1500 m Least Concern
Nepenthes mollis Danser 1928 Borneo ~1800 m Data Deficient
Nepenthes monticola[68] A.S.Rob., Wistuba, Nerz, M.Mansur & S.McPherson[68] 2011[68] New Guinea[68] 1400–2620 m[68] Least Concern
Nepenthes muluensis M.Hotta 1966 Borneo 1700–2400 m Least Concern
Nepenthes murudensis Culham ex Jebb & Cheek 1997 Borneo 2000–2423 m Least Concern
Nepenthes naga Akhriadi, Hernawati, Primaldhi & M.Hambali 2009 Sumatra 1500–2000 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes nebularum[85] G.Mansell & W.Suarez[85] 2016[85] Philippines (Mindanao)[85] ≤1800 m[85] Data Deficient[85]
Nepenthes negros[7] Jebb & Cheek[7] 2013[7] Philippines (Biliran, Negros)[7] Critically Endangered[7]
Nepenthes neoguineensis Macfarl. 1911 D'Entrecasteaux Islands, New Guinea, Raja Ampat Islands (Misool?[65]) 0–1400 m Least Concern
Nepenthes nigra[86] Nerz, Wistuba, Chi.C.Lee, Bourke, U.Zimm. & S.McPherson[86] 2011[86] Sulawesi[86] 1500–2700 m[86] Least Concern
Nepenthes northiana Hook.f. 1881 Borneo 0–500 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes orbiculata[87] M.Catal. & Kruetr.[87] 2018[87] Thailand[87] sea level[87]
Nepenthes ovata Nerz & Wistuba 1994 Sumatra 1700–2100 m Least Concern
Nepenthes palawanensis[88] S.McPherson, Cervancia, Chi.C.Lee, Jaunzems, Mey & A.S.Rob.[88] 2010[88] Philippines (Palawan)[88] 1100–1236 m[88] Endangered
Nepenthes paniculata Danser 1928 New Guinea ~1460 m Endangered
Nepenthes pantaronensis[39] Gieray, Gronem., Wistuba, Marwinski, Micheler, Coritico & V.B.Amoroso[39] 2014[39] Philippines (Mindanao)[39] "intermediate altitudes"[39] Least Concern
Nepenthes papuana Danser 1928 New Guinea 0–1300 m Least Concern
Nepenthes parvula[89] Gary W.Wilson & S.Venter[89] 2016 Australia[89] Least Concern
Nepenthes peltata Sh.Kurata 2008 Philippines (Mindanao) 865–1635 m Critically Endangered[37]
Nepenthes pervillei Blume 1852 Seychelles 350–750 m Least Concern
Nepenthes petiolata Danser 1928 Philippines (Mindanao) 1450–1900 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes philippinensis Macfarl. 1908 Philippines (Busuanga, Coron, Culion, Linapacan, Palawan)[19][90] 0–600 m Least Concern
Nepenthes pilosa Danser 1928 Borneo ~1600 m Data Deficient
Nepenthes pitopangii Chi.C.Lee, S.McPherson, Bourke & M.Mansur[91] 2009[91] Sulawesi 1400–1800 m[64] Vulnerable
Nepenthes platychila Chi.C.Lee 2002 Borneo 900–1400 m
Nepenthes pongoides Damit, Yusof, Jumian, & A.S.Rob.[92] 2024[92] Borneo[92] >900 m[92] Critically endangered[92]
Nepenthes pulchra[93] Gronem., S.McPherson, Coritico, Micheler, Marwinski & V.B.Amoroso[93] 2011[93] Philippines (Mindanao)[93] 1300–1800 m[93] Critically Endangered[37]
Nepenthes putaiguneung Metusala, Farishy, & Jebb[94] 2020[94] Indonesia (Sumatra)[94]
Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack 1835 Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra

Minor islands:[12] Bangka Belitung Islands[13] (Bangka), Labuan,[52] Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands,[14] Riau Archipelago)		 0–1200 m[nb 13] Least Concern
Nepenthes rajah Hook.f. 1859 Borneo 1500–2650 m Endangered
Nepenthes ramispina Ridl. 1909 Peninsular Malaysia 900–2000 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes ramos[95] Jebb & Cheek[95] 2013[95] Philippines (Mindanao)[95]

Minor islands: Camiguin, other neighbouring islands[6]		 at least 670–1400 m[nb 14] Critically Endangered[95] / Near Threatened[6]
Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq. 1852 Borneo, Sumatra

Minor islands:[12] Bangka Belitung Islands[13] (Bangka), Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Nias, Riau Islands (Natuna Islands[14])		 0–2200 m Least Concern
Nepenthes rhombicaulis Sh.Kurata 1973 Sumatra 1600–2000 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes rigidifolia Akhriadi, Hernawati & Tamin 2004 Sumatra 1000–1600 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes robcantleyi Cheek[96] 2011[96] Philippines (Mindanao)[96] ~1800 m[96] Critically Endangered[96]
Nepenthes rosea[97] M.Catal. & Kruetr.[97] 2014[97] Thailand[97] 450–520 m[97]
Nepenthes rowaniae F.M.Bailey 1897 Australia 0–80 m Least Concern
Nepenthes samar[98] Jebb & Cheek[98] 2013[98] Philippines (Samar)[98] "low elevation"[98] Critically Endangered[98]
Nepenthes sanguinea Lindl. 1849 Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand 300–1800 m Least Concern
Nepenthes saranganiensis Sh.Kurata 2003 Philippines (Mindanao) 1800–2100 m Endangered[37]
Nepenthes sericea[99] Golos, Wistuba, G.Lim, Mey, S.McPherson & A.S.Rob.[99] 2023[99] Peninsular Malaysia[99] 1300–2183 m[99] Least Concern[99]
Nepenthes sibuyanensis Nerz 1998 Philippines (Sibuyan) 1250–1500 m[nb 15] Vulnerable
Nepenthes singalana Becc. 1886 Sumatra 2000–2900 m Least Concern
Nepenthes smilesii Hemsl. 1895 Cambodia,[102] Laos, Thailand, Vietnam[103] 0[102]–1500 m Least Concern
Nepenthes spathulata Danser 1935 Sumatra 1100–2900 m Least Concern
Nepenthes spectabilis Danser 1928 Sumatra 1400–2200 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes stenophylla Mast. 1890 Borneo 800–2600 m[nb 16] Least Concern
Nepenthes sumagaya[104] Cheek[104] 2014[104] Philippines (Mindanao)[39] 1600–2247 m[39] Endangered[39]
Nepenthes sumatrana (Miq.) Beck 1895 Sumatra 0–800 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes suratensis[105] M.Catal.[105] 2010[105] Thailand[105] 0–200 m[64] Critically Endangered
Nepenthes surigaoensis Elmer 1915 Philippines (Mindanao) 800–1200 m[nb 17] Endangered[37]
Nepenthes talaandig[39] Gronem., Coritico, Wistuba, Micheler, Marwinski, Gieray & V.B.Amoroso[39] 2014[39] Philippines (Mindanao)[39] ~1000 m[39] Vulnerable[39]
Nepenthes talangensis Nerz & Wistuba 1994 Sumatra 1800–2500 m Endangered
Nepenthes tboli[18] Jebb & Cheek[18] 2014[18] Philippines (Mindanao)[18] 1463 m[18] Critically Endangered[18]
Nepenthes tenax C.Clarke & R.Kruger 2006 Australia 0–80 m Least Concern
Nepenthes tentaculata Hook.f. 1873 Borneo, Sulawesi 400–2550 m Least Concern
Nepenthes tenuis Nerz & Wistuba 1994 Sumatra 1000–1200 m Endangered
Nepenthes thai[28] Cheek[28] 2009[28] Thailand[28] 500–600 m[28] Endangered[28]
Nepenthes thorelii Lecomte 1909 Vietnam 10–20 m[107] Data Deficient
Nepenthes tobaica Danser 1928 Sumatra 380–1800 m[nb 18] Least Concern
Nepenthes tomoriana Danser 1928 Sulawesi 0–500 m Least Concern
Nepenthes treubiana Warb. 1891 New Guinea, Raja Ampat Islands (Misool?) 0–80 m[nb 19] Least Concern
Nepenthes truncata Macfarl. 1911 Philippines (Dinagat, Leyte, Mindanao)[19] 0–1500 m Endangered
Nepenthes ultra[108] Jebb & Cheek[108] 2013[108] Philippines (Luzon)[108] 1.5–40(–400?) m[108][nb 20] Endangered[108]
Nepenthes ulukaliana[99] A.S.Rob., Wistuba, Mey, Golos, G.Lim & S.McPherson[99] 2023[99] Peninsular Malaysia[99] 1200–1772 m[99] Near Threatened [99]
Nepenthes undulatifolia[109] Nerz, Wistuba, U.Zimm., Chi.C.Lee, Pirade & Pitopang[109] 2011[109] Sulawesi[109] ~1800 m[109] Data Deficient[109]
Nepenthes veitchii Hook.f. 1859 Borneo 0–1600 m Least Concern
Nepenthes ventricosa Blanco 1837 Philippines (Luzon, Panay, Sibuyan)[19] 1000–2000 m Least Concern
Nepenthes vieillardii Hook.f. 1873 New Caledonia 0–850 m Least Concern
Nepenthes villosa Hook.f. 1852 Borneo 1600–3240 m[nb 21] Least Concern
Nepenthes viridis[110] Micheler, Gronem., Wistuba, Marwinski, W.Suarez & V.B.Amoroso[110] 2013[110] Philippines (Dinagat, Samar)[110]

Minor islands: numerous unspecified islets off Dinagat[110]		 Endangered[37]
Nepenthes vogelii Schuit. & de Vogel 2002 Borneo 1000–1500 m Least Concern
Nepenthes weda[40] Cheek[40] 2015[40] Maluku Islands (Halmahera)[40] 415–1014 m[40] Critically Endangered[40]
Nepenthes zygon[18] Jebb & Cheek[18] 2014[18] Philippines (Mindanao)[18] 1500–1875 m[18] Critically Endangered[18]

Incompletely diagnosed taxa

The following undescribed taxa are taken from Pitcher Plants of the Old World and its supplementary volume, New Nepenthes, published in 2011.[64]

Taxon Image Distribution Altitudinal distribution
Nepenthes sp. Anipahan[111] Philippines (Palawan)[111] 1200–1400 m[111]
Nepenthes sp. Misool Raja Ampat Islands (Misool) 0–30 m

Nothospecies

Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek recognised the following three nothospecies in their monographs on the genus ("A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" (1997) and "Nepenthaceae" (2001)). In the recent literature, these taxa have generally been treated as natural hybrids rather than as species.[2][21][29][30] Of the three, N. × kinabaluensis has the strongest claim to species status, as it grows in two large, self-sustaining populations independent of its putative parent species.[29][112] These populations are reportedly true breeding.[29] Jumaat Haji Adam and C. C. Wilcock advocated the recognition of N. × kinabaluensis as a species in a 1998 article.[113]

Nothospecies Parent species Authority Year Image Distribution Altitudinal distribution IUCN conservation status
Nepenthes × hookeriana N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana Hort.Veitch ex Mast. 1881 Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra[48] 0–450 m[8] Least Concern[23]
Nepenthes × kinabaluensis N. rajah × N. villosa Sh.Kurata ex Sh.Kurata 1984 Borneo[48] 2420–3030 m[48] Endangered[23]
Nepenthes × trichocarpa N. ampullaria × N. gracilis Miq. 1858 Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra,[48] Thailand[103] 0–800 m[29] Least Concern[23]

Extinct species

Fossil pollen of various provenance, much of it originally described under the form taxon Droseridites, has been tentatively assigned to Nepenthes by several authors.[114][115][116] The following three species were transferred to the genus Nepenthes by Wilfried Krutzsch in 1985.[114]

Species Authority Year Location Age
Nepenthes echinatus (Hunger) Krutzsch 1985 Europe Palaeocene
Nepenthes echinosporus (R.Potonié) Krutzsch 1985 Europe Palaeocene
Nepenthes major (Krutzsch) Krutzsch 1985 Europe Palaeocene

Some authors consider Droseridites major and D. parvus as synonyms of Nepenthidites laitryngewensis.[117][118]

Pollen from the Kerguelen Islands originally described as D. spinosus has also been interpreted as belonging to Nepenthes.[119]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Under the narrow circumscription of Cheek & Jebb (2013), N. alata is restricted to northern Luzon, with the more southerly plants previously referred to this species actually representing N. graciliflora, N. negros, and N. ramos.[7] This N. alata sensu stricto has an altitudinal distribution of 550 m and above.[7]
  2. ^ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 1200 m for N. albomarginata.[8]
  3. ^ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) cite a record of N. bicalcarata from Mount Periok in Brunei at c. 1600 m.[8]
  4. ^ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give a range of 780–1880 m for N. boschiana,[29] while Clarke (1997) gives a range of 900–1880 m.[30]
  5. ^ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give an upper altitudinal limit of 2250 m for N. burbidgeae,[29] while Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a range of 1100–2300 m.[8]
  6. ^ Cheek & Jebb (2001), Clarke (1997) and Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a lower altitudinal limit of 1500 m for N. edwardsiana.[8][29][30]
  7. ^ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give a lower altitudinal limit of 1000 m for N. ephippiata.[29] The species has reportedly been collected from Bukit Raya at 2000–2270 m.[8][43]
  8. ^ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 1700 m for N. gracilis.[8]
  9. ^ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a range of 150–1500 m for N. hirsuta,[8] while Mansur & Brearley (2008) report finding it at elevations as low as 160 m.[58]
  10. ^ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give a lower altitudinal limit of 1600 m for N. lowii,[29] while Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a range of 900–3400 m.[8]
  11. ^ The lower altitudinal limit of 2000 m given for N. macrophylla in some older sources[72] is apparently incorrect.[2][73]
  12. ^ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a lower altitudinal limit of 250 m for N. macrovulgaris.[8]
  13. ^ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 1500 m for N. rafflesiana.[8]
  14. ^ The paratype of N. ramos was collected at 670 m[95] and N. kurata (which has been synonymised with N. ramos[6]) has been recorded at c. 1400 m.[46]
  15. ^ Rybka, Rybková & Cantley (2005) give a range of 1200–1800 m for N. sibuyanensis,[100] while the authors of the describing paper give a range of 1500–1800 m.[101]
  16. ^ Mansur & Brearley (2008) report finding N. stenophylla at 400 m.[58]
  17. ^ Nepenthes surigaoensis may grow as high as 1750 m ("5750 feet" in the original) according to the describing author, Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer.[106]
  18. ^ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give an upper altitudinal limit of 2750 m for N. tobaica.[29]
  19. ^ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give an upper altitudinal limit of 500 m for N. treubiana.[29]
  20. ^ The upper altitudinal limit of 400 m is uncertain as it is based on the figure given on Google Earth for an "inexact grid-reference" associated with a herbarium specimen.[108]
  21. ^ Nepenthes villosa generally grows at elevations of 2300–3240 m, but is more common at 1600–1900 m on Mount Tambuyukon.[2] Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 3400 m for this species.[8]

References

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