La Jolla (/ləˈhɔɪə/lə HOY-ə, Latin American Spanish:[laˈxoʝa]) is a hilly, seaside neighborhood within the city of San Diego, occupying 7 miles (11 km) of curving coastline along the Pacific Ocean. The population reported in the 2010 census was 46,781.[2] The climate is mild, with an average daily temperature of 70.5 °F (21.4 °C).[3][4]
Local Native Americans, the Kumeyaay, called this location mat kulaaxuuy (IPA[matkəlaːxuːj]), lit.'land of holes' (mat = 'land').[10] The topographic feature that gave rise to the name "holes" is uncertain; it probably refers to sea-level caves located on the north-facing bluffs, which are visible from La Jolla Shores. It is suggested[citation needed] that the Kumeyaay name for the area was transcribed by the Spanish settlers as La Jolla. Another suggestion for the origin of the name is that it is an alternative spelling of the Spanish phrase la joya, which means 'the jewel'. Despite being disputed by scholars, this derivation of the name has been widely cited in popular culture.[11] This supposed origin gave rise to the nickname "The Jewel".[12] The name may also come from the Spanish La Hoya, meaning a geographic hollow. Different spelling conventions over the years would permit this to be written as La Jolla.[13] Our earliest archaeological evidence of settlement in Kumeyaay territory dates back 12,000 years.[14]
During the Mexican period of San Diego's history, La Jolla was mapped as pueblo land and contained about 60 lots. When California became a state in 1850[15], the La Jolla area was incorporated as part of the chartered City of San Diego.[1] In 1870, Charles Dean acquired several of the pueblo lots and subdivided them into an area that became known as La Jolla Park. Dean was unable to develop the land and left San Diego in 1881. A real estate boom in the 1880s led speculators Frank T. Botsford and George W. Heald to further develop the sparsely settled area.
In the 1890s, the San Diego, Pacific Beach, and La Jolla Railway was built, connecting La Jolla to the rest of San Diego. La Jolla became known as a resort area. To attract visitors to the beach, the railway built facilities such as a bath house and a dance pavilion. Visitors were housed in small cottages and bungalows above La Jolla Cove, as well as a temporary tent city erected every summer. Two of the cottages that were built in 1894, the "Red Roost" and the "Red Rest", also known as the "Neptune and Cove Tea Room", still exist and are the oldest buildings in La Jolla that are still on their original site. The two cottages have been vacant since the 1980s, boarded up and covered in tarpaulins while their fate was debated. In November 2020 the Red Rest was largely destroyed by fire.[16]
The La Jolla Park Hotel opened in 1893. The Hotel Cabrillo was built in 1908 by "Squire" James A. Wilson and was later incorporated into the La Valencia Hotel.[17]
By 1900, La Jolla comprised 100 buildings and 350 residents. The first reading room (library) was built in 1898.[17] A volunteer fire brigade was organized in 1907; the city of San Diego established a regular fire house in 1914. Livery stable owner Nathan Rannells served successively as La Jolla's volunteer fire captain, first police officer (the only San Diego police officer north of Mission Valley), and first postmaster.[18]
La Jolla Elementary School began educating local children in 1896.[19]The Bishop's School opened in 1909. La Jolla High School was established in 1922. Between 1951 and 1963, other elementary schools (Bird Rock, Decatur, Scripps, and Torrey Pines) were established in the area to ease overcrowding.[19] The La Jolla Beach and Yacht Club (later the La Jolla Beach and Tennis Club) was built in 1927.[17]
The Scripps Institution of Oceanography, one of the nation's oldest oceanographic institutes, was founded in 1903 by William Emerson Ritter, chair of the zoology department at the University of California, Berkeley, with financial support from Scripps and her brother E. W. Scripps. At first the institution operated out of a boathouse in Coronado. In 1905, they purchased a 170-acre (69 ha) site in La Jolla, where the Institution still stands today. The first laboratory buildings there opened in 1907. The institution became part of the University of California in 1912. Ultimately, it became the nucleus for the establishment of the University of California San Diego.
Camp Matthews
From 1917 through 1964, the United States Marine Corps maintained a military base in La Jolla. The base was used for marksmanship training and was known as Camp Calvin B. Matthews. During and after World War II, the population of La Jolla grew, causing residential development to draw close to the base, so that it became less and less suitable as a firing range because of risk to the adjacent civilian population.[21] Meanwhile, the site was being eyed as a location for a proposed new campus of the University of California. In 1962, Camp Matthews was declared surplus by the Marine Corps. The base formally closed in 1964, and that same year, the first class of undergraduates enrolled in the University of California San Diego.
University of California, San Diego
Local civic leaders had long toyed with the idea of a San Diego campus of the University of California, and the quest became more definite following World War II. The Scripps Institution of Oceanography, under its director Roger Revelle, had become an important defense contractor, and local aerospace companies like Convair were pressing for local training for their scientists and engineers. The state legislature proposed the idea in 1955, and the Regents of the university formally approved it in 1960.[22] During the planning stage of the university's establishment, it was briefly known as the "University of California, La Jolla", but the name was changed to "University of California, San Diego" before its founding in 1960.[23] The founding chancellor was Herbert York, named in 1961, and the second chancellor was John Semple Galbraith, named in 1964. The university was designed to have a "college" system; there are now eight colleges. The first college was established in 1965 and was named Revelle College after Roger Revelle, who is regarded as the "father" of the university.[23] A medical school was established in 1968. The landmark Geisel Library with its Brutalist architecture opened in 1970. The university is the second largest employer in the city and has the 7th largest research expenditure in the country.[24]
Antisemitism
The Camp Matthews site for the university was selected with some hesitation; one of the concerns was "whether La Jollans in particular would lay aside old prejudices in order to welcome a culturally, ethnically, and religiously diverse professoriate into their midst".[22] La Jolla had a history of restrictive housing policies, often specified in deeds and ownership documents. In La Jolla Shores and La Jolla Hermosa, only people with pure European ancestry could own property; this excluded Jews, who were not considered white. Such "restrictive covenants" were once fairly common throughout the United States; the 1948 Supreme Court case Shelley v. Kraemer ruled them to be unenforceable, and Congress outlawed them twenty years later via the Fair Housing Act (Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968).[25] However, realtors and property owners in La Jolla continued to use more subtle ways of preventing or discouraging Jews from owning property there.[26] Revelle stated the issue bluntly: "You can't have a university without having Jewish professors. The Real Estate Broker's Association and their supporters in La Jolla had to make up their minds whether they wanted a university or an anti-Semitic covenant. You couldn't have both."[27] The issue was overcome; La Jolla now boasts a thriving Jewish population,[28] and there are four synagogues in La Jolla.[29]
Mount Soledad is an 822-foot-tall (251 m) hill on the eastern edge of La Jolla and one of the highest points in San Diego. A large Christian cross was placed at the top in 1913 as a prominent landmark. It has been replaced twice, most recently in 1954 with a 29-foot-tall (8.8 m) cross (43 feet (13 m) tall including the base). Originally known as the "Mount Soledad Easter Cross", its presence on publicly owned land was challenged in the 1980s as a violation of the separation of church and state. Since then the cross has had a war memorial built around it and was renamed "Mount Soledad Veterans War Memorial".[30]
The issue has been in almost continual litigation ever since, with the city attempting to sell or give away the land under the cross. By an act of Congress, the federal government took possession of it under eminent domain in 2006. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit declared the cross unconstitutional in 2011, and the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear an appeal.[31] In December 2013, U.S. District Judge Larry Burns ordered that the cross be removed within 90 days, but stayed the order pending a forthcoming appeal by the government.[32][33]
On July 20, 2015, a group called the Mt. Soledad Memorial Association reported that it had bought the land under the cross from the Department of Defense for $1.4 million.[34] On September 7, 2016, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals issued a one-page ruling, ordering dismissal of the case and an end to all current appeals, stating that the case was now moot because the cross was no longer on government land. Both sides agreed that this decision puts a final end to the case.[35]
Arts
La Jolla became an art colony in 1894 when Anna Held (also known as Anna Held Heinrich) established the Green Dragon Colony. This was a cluster of twelve rustic cottages that included The Green Dragon, Wahnfried, and The Ark, a boat-shaped structure with port holes and swinging bunks.[36]
The Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego was founded in 1941 in La Jolla, in the former home of Ellen Browning Scripps (designed by Irving J. Gill). The museum has undergone several renovations and expansions, and is working on plans to triple its size.[38][39]
The La Jolla Music Society was founded in 1941 as the Musical Arts Society of La Jolla by Nikolai Sokoloff, former conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra. It presented the premieres of commissioned works in the auditorium of La Jolla High School before presenting their concerts in the Sherwood Auditorium of the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego. Since April 2019, the Conrad Prebys Performing Arts Center is the permanent home of La Jolla Music Society and hosts world-class performances presented by LJMS as well as other San Diego arts presenters. Additionally, The Conrad will see a wide range of conferences, corporate meetings, and private events.
As a regional shopping district
In the mid-20th century, downtown La Jolla was a major regional retail district with branches of major department stores Walker Scott and upscale specialty department stores Saks Fifth Avenue and I. Magnin, all on Girard Avenue within walking distance of each other.[40] Boutique shopping continues there, but heavyweight retail presence, since the closing of the last downtown La Jolla department store, Saks Fifth Avenue, in 2004, has long since moved to Westfield UTC and other adjacent shopping centers.
Incorporation Attempt
Due to growing dissatisfaction with San Diego city leadership, some activists in La Jolla have started the process of disincorporating from San Diego and incorporating the neighborhood into its own chartered city.[41][42][43][44][45]
The City of San Diego defines the neighboorhood's eastern boundary as Gilman Drive and the Interstate 5 freeway[47] and the northern boundary as UCSD.[48]
The United States Postal Service defines a somewhat larger area, assigning the neighborhood the 92037 ZIP Code, recognizing it as a historically and geographically distinct area. This unique ZIP code allows addresses to read La Jolla, CA, and is the only neighborhood within the City of San Diego so recognized. Additionally, it is in the 919xx/920xx sequence used for suburban and rural ZIP Codes in San Diego County, rather than the 921xx sequence used for the remainder of the City of San Diego. These conditions sometimes lead to the erroneous impression that La Jolla is a separate city, rather than a part of San Diego. The 92037 ZIP code extends the northeasterly boundary to Genesee Avenue and the northerly boundary to Del Mar, California. The UCSD campus, also part of La Jolla, has ZIP Codes 92092 and 92093.
Despite the city and postal service definitions, La Jolla does not have universally accepted boundaries. In the 1980s, the trustees of Scripps Hospital voted to move the campus from downtown La Jolla to University City, east of Interstate 5 and not within the traditional boundaries of La Jolla. The governing documents of the hospital required it to be located in La Jolla, however. A court ruled that "La Jolla" exists merely as a "state of mind" and thus allowed the relocation of the hospital.[49] Several businesses and housing developments east of Interstate 5 use "La Jolla" in their names despite being geographically located in the University City neighborhood of San Diego, which includes areas east of Interstate 5.
Throughout the year, especially in summertime, pods of dolphins can be seen playing in the water, sometimes appearing to surf the waves alongside surfers.[52]Pinnipeds. all year-round, can be seen, smelled and heard, even from a distance.[53] Oftentimes, tourists can see California sea lions and harbor seals hauled-out on the rocks, basking in the sun; however, as many local divers and swimmers can attest, pinnipeds are not always a good omen, as their presence usually lures bigger, predatory sharks—namely the great whites.[54][55] During the winter, these apex predators breed, hunting the plentiful seals around the kelp forest, and sometimes, coming even closer to shore.[56]Piers, caves, and buoys are areas that surfers avoid for these reasons, as sharks patrol these locations to ambush pinnipeds diving back into the water. However, with very few exceptions, the majority of shark encounters are uneventful and not aggressive, and, many times, great white sharks may come within mere feet of surfers or swimmers yet remain completely unnoticed; it is often only with drone footage that such close encounters are even observed.[57][58]
Geology
La Jolla is an area of mixed geology, including sandy beaches and rocky shorelines. The area is occasionally susceptible to flooding and ocean storms, as occurred in January and December 2010.[59]
Mount Soledad is covered with the narrow roads that follow its contours and hundreds of homes overlooking the ocean on its slopes. It is the home of the large concrete Mount Soledad Easter Cross built in 1954, later designated a Korean War Memorial, that became the center of a controversy over the display of religious symbols on government property.
The most compelling geographical highlight of La Jolla is its ocean front, with alternating rugged and sandy coastline that serves as habitat for many wild seal congregations. There are many beaches, accessible from the cliffs all throughout the coast of La Jolla. Locals and surfers will walk barefoot down to the beachfront, occasionally using ropes and planks to safely cross otherwise impassable, steep passageways down the cliff-face.[60] There are many notable tourist locations including Blacks Beach, Torrey Pines Glider Port, Sunset Cliffs, La Jolla Shores, La Jolla Cove, and more. Blacks Beach, commonly known for being one of the only nudist beaches in the area, is one of the most popular lesser known surfer spots throughout the year.[61] The Torrey Pines Glider Port is another a staple of the La Jolla cliffs, as boats coming in from sea are sure to see many gliders scattered throughout the air.[62] Sunset Cliffs is a location popular amongst locals and tourists alike, known for views of the sunset off to the horizon past the cliffs and caves below.[63] La Jolla Shores, not to be mistaken with La Jolla Cove, is located right next to the UCSD Scripps pier[64] and is close to many small shops, homes, and restaurants.[65] La Jolla Cove, the staple of La Jolla, is the most popular tourist destination[66] in La Jolla, featuring many snorkelers,[67] swimmers, and wildlife (most notably the La Jolla seals).[68][69] During some parts of the year, people will find the shallow ends of the beach filled with harmless Leopard Sharks, as they come closer to shore to breed.[70] All of the popular beaches and coastal access points, listed from north to south, include:
According to United States Census Bureau figures, the ethnic/racial makeup of La Jolla is 82.5% White, 0.8% Black, 0.2% American Indian, 11.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.0% any other race, and 3.1% two or more races. Latinos, who may be of any race, form 7.2% of La Jolla's population. There is also a sizable Persian population in La Jolla.[72]
La Jolla had the highest home prices in the nation in 2008[73] and 2009,[74] according to a survey by Coldwell Banker. The survey compares the cost of a standardized four-bedroom home in communities across the country. The average price for such a home in La Jolla was reported as US$1.842 million in 2008 and US$2.125 million in 2009.
La Jolla Shores — The residential area and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography campus along La Jolla Shores Beach and east up the hillside. Also includes a small business district of shops and restaurants along Avenida de la Playa.
La Jolla Heights — The homes on the hills overlooking La Jolla Shores. No businesses.
Hidden Valley — Lower portion of Mount Soledad on the northern slopes. No businesses.
Country Club — Lower Mt. Soledad on the northwest side, including the La Jolla Country Club golf course.
Village — Also called Village of La Jolla (not to be confused with La Jolla Village) the "downtown" business district area, including most of La Jolla's shops and restaurants, and the immediately surrounding higher density and single family residential areas.
Beach-Barber Tract — The coastal section from Windansea Beach to the Village. A few shops and restaurants along La Jolla Boulevard.
Lower Hermosa — Coastal strip south of Beach-Barber Tract. No businesses.
Bird Rock — Southern coastal La Jolla, and the very lowest slopes of Mt. Soledad in the area. Notable for shops and restaurants along La Jolla Boulevard, five traffic roundabouts on La Jolla Boulevard, coastal bluffs, and surfing areas just two blocks off the main drag.
Muirlands — Relatively large area on western middle slope of Mt. Soledad. No businesses.
La Jolla Mesa — A strip on the lower southern side of Mt. Soledad, bordering Pacific Beach. No businesses.
La Jolla Alta — A master-planned development east of La Jolla Mesa. No businesses.
Soledad South — Southeastern slopes of Mt. Soledad, all the way up to the top, east of La Jolla Alta.
Muirlands West — The small neighborhood between Muirlands to the south, and Country Club to the north. No businesses.
Upper Hermosa — Southwestern La Jolla, north of Bird Rock and east of La Jolla Blvd.
La Jolla Village — Not to be confused with the Village (of La Jolla). In northeast La Jolla, east of La Jolla Heights, west of I-5 and south of UCSD. The neighborhood's namesake is the La Jolla Village Square shopping and residential mall, which includes La Jolla's only remaining movie theater.
Community groups
The La Jolla Community Planning Association[75] advises the city council, Planning Commission, City Planning Department as well as other governmental agency as appropriate in the initial preparation, adoption of, implementation of, or amendment to the General or Community Plan as it pertains to the La Jolla area as well as review specific development proposals.[76] The nonprofit La Jolla Town Council[77] represents the interests of La Jolla businesses and residents that belong to the council. The Bird Rock Community Council[78] serves the Bird Rock neighborhood, while the La Jolla Shores Association[79] serves the La Jolla Shores neighborhood. La Jolla Village Merchants Association, Inc. is a non-profit organization formed in February 2011 to manage the La Jolla Village Business Improvement District for the City of San Diego.[80]
Community organizations include Independent La Jolla,[81] a membership-based citizens group seeking to secede from the city of San Diego. Service clubs in La Jolla include Kiwanis, Rotary, La Jolla Woman's Club[82] and the Social Service League of La Jolla,[83] to name a few.
La Jolla is a subsidiary location for Chicago-based Linking Efforts Against Drugs (LEAD), a national drug-prevention organization recognized nationally for its success in reducing substance use and abuse among teens.
La Jolla is the home of InspirED, a community-focused EdTech company that supports schools in supporting their students' mental health through therapeutic services, educational opportunities, and technology.
Downtown La Jolla is noted for jewelry stores, boutiques, upmarket restaurants and hotels. Prospect Street and Girard Avenue are also shopping and dining districts.[87] The Museum of Contemporary Art, founded in 1941, is located just above the waterfront in what was originally the 1915 residence of philanthropist Ellen Browning Scripps. The museum has a permanent collection with more than 3,500 post-1950 American and European works, including paintings, works on paper, sculptures, photographic art, design objects and video works.[88] The museum was renamed Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego in 1990 to recognize its regional significance.
In 2011, the La Jolla Community Foundation commissioned various artists to contribute to the scenery of the town, through various murals. Some of the artists that are featured in the series are John Baldessari, Julian Opie, and Kim MacConnel. There are 11 murals in the series, all of which will be on display for two years.[90]
These four stations were opened on November 21, 2021, when the Blue Line was extended nine stops north from Old Town Transit Center to serve areas such as La Jolla Village, UC San Diego, and University City.
La Jolla (under the fictionalized name "Esmerelda") is the setting for Raymond Chandler's final Philip Marlowe novel, Playback, published in 1958. Chandler lived in La Jolla for the previous decade. La Jolla's Hotel del Charro becomes "Rancho Descansado" in the novel. A number of landmarks described can still be found today.[104][105]
La Jolla was home to the comic book publisher WildStorm Productions, from its founding by Jim Lee in 1993, until its closing in 2012 when DC Comics, which had purchased the publisher as an imprint in 1998, absorbed the company and moved the office to Burbank, California.[106][107][108][109]
La Jolla is the base for the Sundt Memorial Foundation, a national organization aimed at discouraging youth from getting involved in drugs.
La Jolla is also a subsidiary location for Chicago-based Linking Efforts Against Drugs (LEAD), a national drug-prevention organization recognized nationally for its success in reducing substance use and abuse among teens.
La Jolla is the home of InspirED, an EdTech company that supports schools in supporting their students' mental health through therapeutic services, educational opportunities, and technology.
La Jolla is the setting for the 2011 season of The Real World: San Diego, the twenty-sixth season of the long-running MTV reality television series.[115][116]
^For example, when the world-famous mathematician and philosopher Jacob Bronowski came to the Salk Institute in 1963, he wanted to build a home on La Jolla Farms Road for his family. For his required character references, his family produced letters from members of Parliament, in Garson, Sue (2003). "The End of Covenant". The San Diego Jewish Journal. Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
Turbojet engine component After burner redirects here. For the video game, see After Burner. For other uses, see Afterburner (disambiguation). A U.S. Navy F/A-18 Hornet being launched from the catapult at maximum power An afterburner (or reheat in British English) is an additional combustion component used on some jet engines, mostly those on military supersonic aircraft. Its purpose is to increase thrust, usually for supersonic flight, takeoff, and combat. The afterburning process injects addit…
Stagione NFL 1968Stagione regolareSport Football americano CompetizioneNational Football League Edizione49ª Inizio14 settembre 1968 Fine15 dicembre 1968 Play-offInizio21 dicembre 1968 CampioneEastern ConferenceCleveland Browns CampioneWestern ConferenceBaltimore Colts Finale del campionato NFLData29 dicembre 1968 StadioCleveland Stadium Campione NFLBaltimore Colts Pro Bowl 1969Data19 gennaio 1969 StadioLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum Cronologia della competizione 1967 1969 La stagione N…
State prison in Pendleton, Oregon, US Eastern Oregon Correctional InstitutionLocationPendleton, Oregon, United States45°40′17″N 118°49′02″W / 45.6715°N 118.8171°W / 45.6715; -118.8171StatusOperationalSecurity classMedium (male)Capacity1,600 inmatesOpened1985Managed byOregon Department of CorrectionsWardenSue WashburnCityPendletonState/provinceOregonWebsitehttps://www.oregon.gov/doc/about/Pages/prison-locations.aspx The Eastern Oregon Correctional Institution i…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر 2019) بطولة الأمم الخمس 1964 تفاصيل الموسم بطولة الأمم الست النسخة 70 التاريخ بداية:4 يناير 1964 نهاية:11 أبر…
Nicky Maynard Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Nicholas David MaynardTanggal lahir 11 Desember 1986 (umur 37)Tempat lahir Winsford, InggrisTinggi 5 ft 115 in (4,45 m)Posisi bermain PenyerangKarier junior1994 Arsenal1994–2005 Crewe AlexandraKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2005–2008 Crewe Alexandra 59 (32)2006 → Witton Albion (pinjaman) 7 (2)2008–2012 Bristol City 124 (45)2012 West Ham United 14 (2)2012–2015 Cardiff City 22 (2)2014 → Wigan Athletic (pinjaman) 16 (4…
Dépôt de Nakahara鎌倉車両センター中原支所 (Centre de matériel roulant de Kamakura Succursale de Nakahara)Le centre en 2006 lors d'une journée Portes ouvertesPrésentationType Dépôt ferroviaireConstruction 1960 (Showa 35)Propriétaire JR East (siège de la région métropolitaine)LocalisationPays JaponPréfecture KanagawaVille KawasakiAdresse 5-chome Kamiodanaka, Nakahara Ward, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, JaponCoordonnées 35° 35′ 02″ N, 139° 38…
Dispute between Greece and North Macedonia (1991–2019) Geographical and political division of Macedonia Greek Macedonia North Macedonia This article is part of a series onPolitics of Greece Constitution Constitutional history Human rights Executive Head of state President of the Republic (list): Katerina Sakellaropoulou Presidential Departments Government Prime Minister (list): Kyriakos Mitsotakis Cabinet: Kyr. Mitsotakis II Legislature Speaker: Konstantinos Tasoulas Pre…
Der wunderbare Fischzug vom Genfer Petrusaltar, 1444 Konrad Witz (* um 1400 wahrscheinlich in Rottweil; † um 1446 in Basel) war ein oberdeutscher Maler in der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts. Er zählt gemeinsam mit Hans Hirtz zu den bedeutendsten Vertretern der oberrheinischen Malerei der Spätgotik bzw. der von den Niederländern, vor allem von Jan van Eyck, beeinflussten ars nova. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Werk 2.1 Heilsspiegelaltar 2.2 Andere Werke 3 Literatur 4 Weblinks 5 Einzelnac…
Questa voce sull'argomento antica Roma è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento antica Roma non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Ludi CapitoliniTiporeligiosa Period…
A Duracell AA size alkaline cell, one of the many types of battery. This list is a summary of notable electric battery types composed of one or more electrochemical cells. Three lists are provided in the table. The primary (non-rechargeable) and secondary (rechargeable) cell lists are lists of battery chemistry. The third list is a list of battery applications. Battery cell types Primary cells or non-rechargeable batteries Secondary cells or rechargeable batteries Alkaline battery Aluminium–ai…
Political convention 1992 Democratic National Convention1992 presidential election NomineesClinton and GoreConventionDate(s)July 13–16, 1992CityNew York CityVenueMadison Square GardenKeynote speakerZell Miller, Barbara Jordan, and Bill BradleyCandidatesPresidential nomineeBill Clinton of ArkansasVice presidential nomineeAl Gore of TennesseeVotingTotal delegates4,288Votes needed for nomination2,145Results (president)Clinton (AR): 3,372 (78.64%)Brown (CA): 596 (13.90%)Tsongas (MA): 209 (4.87%)Ca…
Election results for Wammerawa, New South Wales, Australia Wammerawa was an electoral district for the Legislative Assembly in the Australian State of New South Wales, created in 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation and named after an alternative name for the Macquarie River. It mainly replaced Mudgee, Castlereagh and Liverpool Plains and elected three members simultaneously. In 1927, it was split into Mudgee, Castlereagh and Liverpool Plains.[1][2][3 …
Images taken from an artificial satellite The first images from space were taken on the sub-orbital V-2 rocket flight launched by the U.S. on October 24, 1946. Satellite image of Fortaleza. Satellite images (also Earth observation imagery, spaceborne photography, or simply satellite photo) are images of Earth collected by imaging satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world. Satellite imaging companies sell images by licensing them to governments and businesses such as Appl…
American diplomat (1910–1994) For American racing driver, see Ken Rush. Kenneth RushUnited States Ambassador to FranceIn officeNovember 21, 1974 – March 14, 1977PresidentGerald FordJimmy CarterPreceded byJohn N. Irwin IISucceeded byArthur A. HartmanCounselor to the PresidentIn officeMay 29, 1974 – September 19, 1974PresidentRichard NixonGerald FordPreceded byAnne ArmstrongSucceeded byRobert T. HartmannJohn Otho Marsh Jr.2nd United States Deputy Secretary of StateIn office…
12th–13th century Baltic Christianisation campaign Livonian CrusadePart of the Northern CrusadesA Teutonic Knight on the left and a Swordbrother on the right.DateAround 1198 - 1290 (92 years)LocationThe Baltic StatesResult Crusader victory Latvian and Estonian tribes get Christianized in Terra Mariana Fall of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword at the Battle of Saule Ensuring the Livonian Civil WarTerritorialchanges Creation of Terra Mariana and the Duchy of Estonia Creation of Archbishopric of…
Indian poet For the Swedish-Tanzanian singer, see SaRaha. Not to be confused with Sarahah. A contemporary bronze image of Saraha holding an arrow, probably made in Nepal Saraha, Sarahapa, Sarahapāda (or, in the Tibetan language མདའ་བསྣུན་, [danün], Wyl. mda' bsnun The Archer), (circa 8th century CE) was known as the first sahajiya and one of the Mahasiddhas. The name Saraha means the one who has shot the arrow..[1] According to one, scholar, This is an explicit refe…
Un Gel Documentation System che mostra i risultati di un elettroforesi su gel su un monitor collegato La biotecnologia (dal greco βίος, bìos = vita, τέχνη, téchne = arte, nel senso di perizia, saper fare, saper operare, e λόγος, logos = studio) è una branca della biologia riguardante «l'utilizzo di esseri viventi al fine di ottenere beni o servizi utili al soddisfacimento dei bisogni della società», ma anche l'applicazione e lo studio di qualunque tecnologia sviluppata o svil…
عبد الله بن يزيد معلومات شخصية تاريخ الميلاد 120 هـ تاريخ الوفاة 213 هـ الكنية أبو عبد الرحمن[1] المذهب الفقهي أهل السنة والجماعة الحياة العملية العصر القرن الثاني للهجرة المنطقة مكة نظام المدرسة مدرسة الحديث المهنة عالم مسلم مجال العمل علم الحديث تعديل مصدري - تعديل عب…