Kasla, Jerusalem

Kasla
كسلا
Kasla was located on the top of the hill
Kasla was located on the top of the hill
Etymology: from personal name[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Kasla, Jerusalem (click the buttons)
Kasla is located in Mandatory Palestine
Kasla
Kasla
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°46′52″N 35°03′04″E / 31.78111°N 35.05111°E / 31.78111; 35.05111
Palestine grid154/132
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictJerusalem
Date of depopulationJuly 17–18, 1948[4]
Area
[3]
 • Total
8,004 dunams (8.004 km2 or 3.090 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total
280[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesRamat Raziel,[5] Ksalon[5]

Kasla was a Palestinian village in the Jerusalem Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War on July 17, 1948, by the Harel Brigade of Operation Dani. It was located 17 km west of Jerusalem.

History

Antiquity

Tel Chesalon

Kasla has been identified with the ancient Canaanite settlement of Chesalon,[6] and is believed to preserve its ancient name.[7][8] Chesalon is mentioned in the Book of Joshua as one of the landmarks on the boundary of Tribe of Judah.[9][10][11] During the Roman period, Chesalon was a Jewish settlement; it was mentioned in a document found in Wadi Murabba'at and dated to 55/6 CE.[12][13] Remains from the Roman era has been found in a cave by the village.[12] It is unknown whether it continued to exist in the aftermath of the First Jewish-Roman War and up to the Bar Kohkva Revolt.[12]

Ancient ashlar stones have been found at Kasla,[14] and the village had several khirbas, including a shrine for a local sage known as al-Shaykh Ahmad.[5]

In the early 4th century Onomasticon, Eusebius described Chasalon as a large village in the territory of Aelia.[15]

Ottoman era

Kasla was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers under the name of Kisli, or Kisla, as being in the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Ramla, which was under the administration of Gaza Sanjak. It had a population of 11 household;[16] an estimated 61 persons,[6] who were all Muslims. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, fruit trees, sesame, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 1,280 akçe. All of the revenue went to a waqf.[16]

In 1838, Kesla was noted as a Muslim village in the el-Arkub district, southwest of Jerusalem.[17][18]

In 1863 Victor Guérin described it a being situated on a ridge,[19] while an Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed Kesla with a population of 83, in 29 houses, though the population count included men only. It was also noted that to was located 3 1/2 to 4 hours west of Jerusalem.[20][21]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Kesla as "a small stone village in a conspicuous position on the top of a rugged ridge, with a deep valley to the north. There is a spring to the east, and two more in a valley to the south. This is the site of Chesalon."[22]

In 1896 the population of Kesla was estimated to be about 207 persons.[23]

By the beginning of the 20th century, residents from Kasla settled Bayt Jiz near al-Ramla, establishing it as a dependency – or satellite village – of their home village.[24]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Kasala had a population of 233 Muslims,[25] increasing in the 1931 census to 299 Muslims, in 72 houses.[26]

In the 1945 statistics, the village had a population of 280 Muslims,[2] while the total land area was 8,004 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[3] Of this, 440 were used for plantations and irrigable land, 2,265 for cereals,[27] while 10 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[28]

  • Kasla 1943 1:20,000 (below centre)
    Kasla 1943 1:20,000 (below centre)
  • Kasla 1945 1:250,000
    Kasla 1945 1:250,000
  • Kasla May 10, 1948 (lower right quadrant)
    Kasla May 10, 1948 (lower right quadrant)

1948, and aftermath

Kasla, along with four other villages, were overtaken by the Israeli Harel Brigade on 17–18 July 1948 in Operation Dani. The villages had been on the front line since April 1948 and most of the inhabitants of these villages had already left the area. Many of those who stayed fled when Israeli forces attacked and the few who remained at each village were expelled.[29]

Israel established two moshavs on Kasla's land: in 1948, Ramat Raziel; while in 1952 Ksalon was founded 1 km south of the village site, on the archeological site named Khirbat Sa'ra.[5]

In 1992 the village site was described: "Wild grass covers the entire site and grows amid the rubble of the stone houses, which is difficult to distinguish from the rubble of ruined terraces. Almond trees grow on top of the mountain and cactuses grow along the site’s southern slopes. Northeast of the village, two carob trees are surrounded by the remains of a vineyards. On the slopes, thick wild grass grows on several terraces, which are still intact."[5]

  • The hill on which Kasla was located and behind it, Ksalon which was built on its lands
    The hill on which Kasla was located and behind it, Ksalon which was built on its lands
  • The saddle between the two hills of Kasla
    The saddle between the two hills of Kasla
  • The location of the houses of Kasla
    The location of the houses of Kasla

References

  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 298
  2. ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 25
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 57
  4. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xx, village No. 338. Also gives cause of depopulation.
  5. ^ a b c d e Khalidi, 1992, p. 299
  6. ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, p. 298
  7. ^ Finkelstein et al, 2021, Excavations at Kiriath-jearim, 2019: Preliminary Report
  8. ^ Albright, 1923
  9. ^ Joshua 15:10
  10. ^ Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.268, ISBN 965-220-186-3
  11. ^ Yizhaqi, Arie (ed.): Madrich Israel (Israel Guide: An Encyclopedia for the Study of the Land), Vol.9: Judaea, Jerusalem 1980, Keter Press, p.383 (in Hebrew)
  12. ^ a b c Ganor and Klein, 2015, Khirbat el-Mitraz
  13. ^ Eshel, Hanan; Zissu, Boaz (2019). The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Archeological Evidence (1 ed.). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. pp. 154–157. ISBN 978-965-217-429-1.
  14. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 903
  15. ^ Avi-Yonah, Michael (1976). "Gazetteer of Roman Palestine". Qedem. 5: 49. ISSN 0333-5844. JSTOR 43587090.
  16. ^ a b Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 155
  17. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 2, p. 364
  18. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 126
  19. ^ Guérin, 1869, p. 11
  20. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 156
  21. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 145, also noted 29 houses
  22. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, pp. 25-26
  23. ^ Schick, 1896, p. 123
  24. ^ Marom, Roy (2022). "Lydda Sub-District: Lydda and its countryside during the Ottoman period". Diospolis – City of God: Journal of the History, Archaeology and Heritage of Lod. 8: 124.
  25. ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 15
  26. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 41
  27. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 103
  28. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 153
  29. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 436

Bibliography