Bir Ma'in

Bir Ma'in
بئر ماعين
Sitt Manna', one of five sisters, whose maqam is just northeast of the centre of Bir Ma'in
Sitt Manna', one of five sisters, whose maqam is just northeast of the centre of Bir Ma'in
Etymology: The well of springs[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Bir Ma'in (click the buttons)
Bir Ma'in is located in Mandatory Palestine
Bir Ma'in
Bir Ma'in
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°53′17″N 35°01′12″E / 31.88806°N 35.02000°E / 31.88806; 35.02000
Palestine grid152/143
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictRamle
Date of depopulationJuly 15–16, 1948[4]
Population
 (1945)
 • Total
510[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesMakkabim[5]

Bir Ma'in (Arabic: بير اماعين/ماعين) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Ramle Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War on July 15, 1948 during the second phase of Operation Danny by the First and Second Battalions of the Yiftach Brigade. It was located 14 km east of Ramla. The village was defended by the Jordanian Army.

Etymology

Member of Yiftach Brigade watches an attack on Latrun during Operation Danny from the mosque in Bir Ma'in. July 1948

Bi’r Māʽīn is an Arabic toponym meaning “The well of Maʽīn”. The personal name Ma'in is recorded in the toponymy of southern Judea and southern Philistia, and considered the name of one of Jacob’s sons. The crusaders recorded the name as. Bermenayn.[6]

Foundation legend

In 1873, Clermont-Ganneau noted down the foundation legend of Bir Ma'in. He was told that the village mosque was consecrated to its founder, Neby Ma'in, son of Jacob (which may be identical to Benjamin). He was buried in a cave nearby. When he died, his five sisters hurried to Bir Ma'in from Jiser Benat Ya'kub ('Jacob Daughters' Bridge'). However, they all died at different places in the neighbourhood, and were buried where they died. Their tombs were still an object of veneration, Sitt Mena being one of them.[7]

History

Crusader period

Bir Ma'in was a fief of the Holy Sepulchre Church in the twelfth century.[8] In 1170, Bernhard, Bishop of Lydda, granted the leaders of the Holy Sepulchre Church the right to build churches in five villages, including Bir Ma'in. It is unclear if a church was ever built.[9]

At the time of the Crusades there was a fort here, which was destroyed by Saladin, and rebuilt by Richard Lionheart.[10]

Ottoman period

Bir Ma'in was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine.

In 1552, Bir Ma'in was an inhabited village. Haseki Hürrem Sultan, the favourite wife of Suleiman the Magnificent, endowed the tax revenues of Bir Ma'in to its Haseki Sultan Imaret in Jerusalem. Administratively, the village belonged to the Sub-district of Ramla in the District of Gaza.[11]

In 1596 Bir Ma'in appeared in the tax registers being in the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Ramla, which was under the administration of the Gaza Sanjak. It had a population of 30 household; an estimated 165 persons,[12] who were all Muslims.[13] They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, sesame, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and a press for olive oil or grape syrup; a total of 3,500 akçe. All of the revenues went to a Waqf.[13][12]

In 1838, Bir Am'in was noted as a Muslim village in the Lydda District.[14]

In 1863 Victor Guérin described it as a village of a hundred or more inhabitants, located on a hill. He noted that ancient stones, lying on the ground, proved that this hamlet once had a certain importance.[10]

An Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed that Bir Main had 12 houses and a population of 90, though the population count included men, only.[15][16]

In 1873, Clermont-Ganneau noted down the legend connecting the village to the son and daughters of Yakub, the Muslim version of biblical Jacob (see #Foundation legend section).

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Bir Main as "A small hamlet on high ground, with a well about half a mile south-east."[8]

During this period, former Bedouins from 'Arab al-Jaramina tribe settled in the village and in neighbouring al-Burj.[17]

British Mandate

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Bir Ma'in had a population of 289 inhabitants; all Muslims,[18] increasing in the 1931 census when Bir Imma'in had 355 Muslim inhabitants, in a total of 85 houses.[19]

In 1934, an elementary school was founded in the village.[5]

In 1944/45 statistics the village had a population of 510 Muslims,[2] while the total land area was 9,319 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[3] Of this, 176 dunums of village land were irrigated or used for plantations, 2,880 dunums were for cereals,[20] while 9 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[21]

The village also had its own mosque. Three khirbats are located in the village.[5]

  • Bir Ma'in 1944 1:20,000 from 1919 survey
    Bir Ma'in 1944 1:20,000 from 1919 survey
  • Bir Ma'in 1945 1:250,000
    Bir Ma'in 1945 1:250,000

1948, aftermath

Bir Ma'in became depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War on July 15, 1948 during the second phase of Operation Danny by the First and Second Battalions of the Yiftach Brigade.[5]

The Israeli military settlement of Makkabim was established on village land in 1986.[5]

In 1992 the remains were described: "Two deserted buildings with crumbling walls can be seen on the site ... Part of the surrounding land is used for target practice and other Israeli military purposes, and part of it is cultivated by Israeli farmers."[5]

In 2002, a book about the village was published in Jordan.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 290
  2. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 29
  3. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 66
  4. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xix, village #237. Also gives cause of depopulation.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Khalidi, 1992, p. 370
  6. ^ Marom, Roy; Zadok, Ran (2023). "Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 139 (2).
  7. ^ Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, vol 2, pp. 77 ff.
  8. ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 15
  9. ^ de Roziére, 1849, pp. 322-323; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 129, No 490; cited in Pringle, 1993, p. 160
  10. ^ a b Guérin, 1868, p. 337
  11. ^ Marom, Roy (2022-11-01). "Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE". Lod, Lydda, Diospolis. 1: 8.
  12. ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, p. 369
  13. ^ a b Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 155
  14. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 121
  15. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 148 Also noted it in the Lydda district
  16. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 138 also noted 12 houses
  17. ^ Marom, Roy (2022). "Lydda Sub-District: Lydda and its countryside during the Ottoman period". Diospolis - City of God: Journal of the History, Archaeology and Heritage of Lod. 8: 124.
  18. ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramleh, p. 21
  19. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 19.
  20. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 114
  21. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 164
  22. ^ Davis, 2011, p. 283

Bibliography