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Johor–Riau Malay
Johor–Riau Malay is a Malay dialect that is most closely related to Classical Malay used during the Malacca Sultanate and after the fall of the Malacca Sultanate, it then shifted to the first Johor Sultanate, namely the Johor–Pahang–Riau–Lingga alliance.[3][4] Its derivatives are still spoken by the Malays in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Riau Islands, and the coast of the mainland Riau. Johor–Riau Malay was originally a continuation of Classical Malay (Malay: bahasa Melayu Klasik), until it later developed into its own language variety.[5] Ultimately, around the end of the 19th century, the language separated mainly into Johor Malay and Riau Malay (Coastal and Islands).[2] Then also other languages that are quite close are Malacca Malay and Selangor Malay. After the formation of Malaysia and Indonesia, especially the Johor Malay continued to develop, influencing the standard form of Malaysian Malay, while the Riau Malay (mainly the Islands dialect) continued to develop until it became Indonesian language as its standard form.[6] Internal classificationJohor MalayJohor Malay has its own varieties. The Johor people who live on the west coast have their own variation of the Johor Malay dialect, namely the Muar sub-dialect. The Muar sub-dialect often pronounces [o] at the end by changing it to [ar] in the standard variety, as in the word beso 'big' and others. Other areas, apart from the Muar dialect, also use the same native Johor dialect as that used by residents in Riau Islands, Indonesia. This is very much influenced by the Malay community in the Johor–Riau Sultanate which maintains its identity quite strongly, so even though Johor and the Riau Islands are currently separate, they still maintain the same identity. The general dialect of Johor–Riau Malay is characterized by the pronunciation of the letter [e] at the end as in the words saye 'i am'. This dialect has the largest number of speakers in Malaysia. Apart from Johor, speakers are also found in Malacca, Selangor, and Kuala Lumpur, and in the southern part of Perak, especially in Batang Padang and Hilir Perak. Meanwhile, Johor residents who live in Mersing generally speak Kuala Terengganu dialect. Malacca MalayMalacca Malay is spoken mainly in the state of Malacca on the west coast. This language is very closely related to Classical Malay because it is the area where the center of the Malacca Sultanate was founded. The dialect is similar to the Malay dialects in other southern parts of the Malay Peninsula. Riau MalayRiau Malay (bahasa Melayu Riau; Jawi script: بهاس ملايو رياو) is the original form of the Malay language which is directly derived from Old Malay through its classical variety known as Johor–Riau Malay.[7] This form of language is used as the basis of Standard Malay,[8] which is a variety of standard language for the Malay language which is used semi-formally in Riau and Riau Islands. The sub-dialects closest to the Classical Malay variety are the Coastal and Islands dialects.[9][10][11] Selangor MalaySelangor Malay is very similar to Malaysian Malay which is the standard form and official language in Malaysia. This dialect is spoken in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur which are the urban areas of the capital, also in Putrajaya.[12] Vocabulary comparisonThe following is a comparison of vocabulary between Johor Malay, Malacca Malay, Riau Malay (Coastal and Islands), and Selangor Malay.
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