The ships of the Giuseppe Sirtori class were 72.5 m (237 ft 10 in) long at the waterline and 73.54 metres (241 ft 3 in) long overall, with a beam of 7.34 metres (24 ft 1 in) and a mean draft of 2.7 metres (8 ft 10 in). They displaced 709 tonnes (698 long tons) standard and up to 914 t (900 long tons) at full load. They had a crew of 98 officers and enlisted men. The ships were powered by two steam turbines, with steam provided by four Thornycroftwater-tube boilers. The engines were rated to produce 15,500 shaft horsepower (11,558 kW) for a top speed of 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph), though in service they reached as high as 33.6 knots (62.2 km/h; 38.7 mph) from around 17,000 shaft horsepower (12,677 kW). At a more economical speed of 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph), the ships could cruise for 1,700 nautical miles (3,100 km; 2,000 mi).[1][2]
On 28 November 1917, an Austro-Hungarian Navy force consisting of Dinara, Huszar, Reka, Streiter, the destroyers Dikla and Triglav, and the torpedo boats TB 78, TB 79, TB 86, and TB 90 attacked the Italian coast. While Dikla, Huszar, Streiter and the torpedo boats unsuccessfully attacked first Porto Corsini and then Rimini, Dinara, Reka, and Triglav bombarded a railway near the mouth of the Metauro, damaging a train, the railway tracks, and telegraph lines. The Austro-Hungarian ships then reunited and headed back to the main Austro-Hungarian naval base at Pola. Giuseppe Sirtori, Animoso, Ardente, Audace, Francesco Stocco, Giovanni Acerbi, Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Vincenzo Giordano Orsini, the scout cruiserSparviero, and the destroyers Aquila and Ardito departed Venice and, together with reconnaissanceseaplanes, pursued the Austro-Hungarian formation. The seaplanes attacked the Austro-Hungarians without success, and the Italian ships had to give up the chase when they did not sight the Austro-Hungarians until they neared Cape Promontore on the southern coast of Istria, as continuing beyond it would bring them too close to Pola.[3]
1918
On 10 February 1918 Giuseppe Sirtori, Aquila, Ardente, Ardito, Francesco Stocco, and Giovanni Acerbi — and, according to some sources, the motor torpedo boatMAS 18 — steamed to Porto Levante, now a part of Porto Viro, in case they were needed to support an incursion into the harbor at Bakar (known to the Italians as Buccari) by MAS motor torpedo boats. Sources disagree on whether they remained in port or put to sea to operate in distant support,[4] but in any event their intervention was unnecessary. The motor torpedo boats carried out their raid, which became known in Italy as the Beffa di Buccari ("Bakar mockery").[3]
The Regia Marina planned a raid under the command of Capitano di fregata (Frigate Captain) Costanzo Ciano against the Austro-Hungarian Navy base at Pola by the small boat Grillo, but had to abort the raid during attempts on the nights of 8–9 April,12–13 April,6–7 May,9–10 May, and 11–12 May 1918. At 17:30 on 13 March, Giuseppe Sirtori, Animoso, Francesco Stocco, Giovanni Acerbi, Vincenzo Giordano Orsini, the coastal torpedo boats 9 PN and 10 PN, the motor torpedo boats MAS 95 and MAS 96, and Grillo got underway from Venice to attempt the raid again, with the MAS boats towingGrillo.[3]Grillo dropped her tow line at 02:18 on 14 March and began her attempt to penetrate the harbor at Pola.[3][4]Grillo′s attack, conducted between 03:16 and 03:18, achieved no success and resulted in Grillo′s destruction. Austro-Hungarian searchlights illuminated the MAS boats waiting offshore at 03:35 and again at 03:40, so they withdrew and rejoined the supporting destroyers at 05:00. The Italian force then headed back to port.[3]
On the night of 1–2 July 1918Giuseppe Sirtori, Audace, Francesco Stocco, Giovanni Acerbi, Vincenzo Giordano Orsini, and the destroyers Giuseppe La Masa and Giuseppe Missori provided distant support to a formation consisting of the torpedo boats Climene and Procione and the coastal torpedo boats 15 OS, 18 OS, 48 OS, 3 PN, 40 PN, 64 PN, 65 PN, and 66 PN. While 15 OS, 18 OS, and 3 PN, towing dummy landing pontoons, staged a simulated amphibious landing to distract Austro-Hungarian troops in support of an Italian advance on the Italian front, 48 OS, 40 PN, 64 PN, 65 PN, and 66 PN bombarded the Austro-Hungarian lines between Cortellazzo and Caorle, proceeding at low speed between the two locations, with Climeme and Procione in direct support.[3] Meanwhile, an Austro-Hungarian force consisting of the destroyers Balaton and Csikós and the torpedo boats TB 83F and TB 88F had put to sea from Pola late on the evening of 1 July to support an Austro-Hungarian air raid on Venice.[5] After an Italian MAS boat made an unsuccessful torpedo attack against Balaton, which was operating with a faulty boiler, at first light on 2 July,[5] the Italian and Austro-Hungarian destroyers sighted one another at 03:10 on 2 July.[3] The Italians opened gunfire on the Austro-Hungarians, who returned fire. During the brief exchange of gunfire that followed, Balaton, in a more advanced position, suffered several shell hits on her forward deck, while Audace, Giuseppe La Masa, and Giuseppe Missori fired on Csikós and the two torpedo boats, scoring a hit on Csikós in her aft boiler room and one hit on each of the torpedo boats.[3] On the Italian side, Francesco Stocco suffered damage which set her on fire[5] and killed and injured some of her crew.[3] While Giovanni Acerbi remained behind to assist Francesco Stocco, the Austro-Hungarians withdrew toward Pola and the Italians resumed operations in support of their own torpedo boats.[3]
By late October 1918, Austria-Hungary had effectively disintegrated, and the Armistice of Villa Giusti, signed on 3 November 1918, went into effect on 4 November 1918 and brought hostilities between Austria-Hungary and the Allies to an end. On the morning of 4 November, Giuseppe Sirtori, Francesco Stocco, Giovanni Acerbi, and Vincenzo Giordano Orsini got underway from Venice with the battleshipEmanuele Filiberto, flagship of Contrammiraglio (Counter Admiral) Guglielmo Rainer, in command of the operation, to take possession of Fiume.[6] During the voyage, Giovanni Acerbi and Vincenzo Giordano Orsini were detached, Giovanni Acerbi to call at Volosko (known to the Italians as Volosca) on 4 November and occupy Opatija (known to the Italians as Abbazio), and Vincenzo Giordano Orsini to occupy Lošinj (known to the Italians as Lussino). Avoiding a night crossing of the Kvarner Gulf because of the danger posed by minefields there, the other three ships arrived either before 11:30[7] or at 14:00, according to different sources, on 4 November at Fiume, where the Italian population of the city welcomed them.[6][8][9] The Treaty of London of 1915 had assigned Fiume postwar to Croatia, not to Italy, and the arrival of the three ships began a merely symbolic Italian occupation of the city, without the landing of troops; it was not until 17 November that other Italian ships arrived with troops on board.[6] In the days following her arrival in Fiume, Giuseppe Sirtori also took possession of Pianosa on 8 November, Volosko at 08:00 on 11 November — the day World War I ended with the armistice between Allies and the German Empire — and Krk (known to the Italians as Veglia) on 15 November.[3][4]
In 1929 Giuseppe Sirtori, Francesco Stocco, Giovanni Acerbi, and the destroyer Ippolito Nievo formed the 10th Destroyer Squadron, which, along with the five-ship 9th Destroyer Squadron and the scout cruiser Brindisi, formed the Special Division.[13] On 1 October 1929, Giuseppe Sirtoriwas reclassified as a torpedo boat.[10]
On 17 August 1941 Giuseppe Sirtori left Naples at 00:30 with the destroyers Dardo, Euro, and Freccia and the torpedo boats Pegaso and Procione to escort a convoy made up of the merchant shipsCaffaro, Giulia, Maddalena Odero, Marin Sanudo, Minatitlan, and Nicolò Odero to Tripoli. Between 20:45 and 21:00 that day, the Royal Netherlands Navy submarine O 23 torpedoed Maddalena Odero in the central Mediterranean Sea south of Sicily, 17 nautical miles (31 km; 20 mi) south of Lampione. Pegaso took Maddalena Odero under tow and headed for Lampedusa, escorted by Giuseppe Sirtori.[21][22] At 07:00 on 18 August Maddalena Odero was beached at Cala Croce on Lampedusa, but at 13:30 that day five British Royal Air ForceBristol Blenheimbombers of No. 105 Squadron attacked Maddalena Odero and set her on fire. Loaded with ammunition, she exploded,[21][22] sinking the Guardia di Finanza gunboat Maggiore Macchi, which was providing assistance to her.[23] The rest of the convoy arrived at Tripoli at 17:30 on 19 August.[22][24]
On 5 March 1942 Giuseppe Sirtori, the destroyer Sebenico, and the torpedo boat San Martino escorted the steamers Goggiam and Leonardo Palomba from Corfu to Patras, Greece.[27] Subsequently, Giuseppe Sirtori underwent modernization which included the removal of two 102-millimetre (4 in)/45 guns and the installation of two depth charge tracks.[11]
On 17 October 1942, Giuseppe Sirtori left Naples at 04:10 with the destroyers Maestrale and Grecale and the torpedo boat Giuseppe Dezza to escort the tanker Panuco to Tripoli.[29] On 18 October the British submarine HMS Una unsuccessfully attacked Panuco north of Catania, Sicily, with torpedoes, and later the ships came under attack by Allied aircraft, prompting the convoy to divert to Taranto, where it arrived at 02:00 on 20 October.[29]
With the fall of Italian Libya to Allied forces in the North African campaign, Axis shipping from Italy was rerouted to Axis-occupied French Tunisia, During a two-day voyage to Tunisia on 13 and 14 November 1942 under escort by Giuseppe Sirtori, the steamer Savigliano became the first ship to be attacked on the new routes. Savigliano was attacked twice by Allied submarines during the voyage, emerging unscathed both times.[30]
At 10:40 on 16 December 1942 Giuseppe Sirtori left Bizerte, Tunisia, with the torpedo boat Groppo to escort the steamers Campania and Rhea to Naples.[31] At 17:30 that day, the British submarine HMS United unsuccessfully attacked the convoy about 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) north of Cape Bon, and the convoy reached Naples unscathed at 20:30 on 17 November.[31]
1943
In 1943 Giuseppe Sirtori was assigned to the 3rd Torpedo Boat Group in the Ionian and Lower Adriatic Maritime Military Department along with Francesco Stocco, Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Giuseppe Dezza, Giuseppe Missori, and the torpedo boat Enrico Cosenz.[32]
On 8 September 1943, the Kingdom of Italy announced an armistice with the Allies, prompting Nazi Germany to begin Operation Achse, the disarmament by force of the Italian armed forces and the occupation of those portions of Italy not yet under Allied control. On 13 September, Giuseppe Sirtori and Francesco Stocco were sent to Corfu to support the Italian garrison of the island in defending it from German attacks. Both the city of Corfu and the island as a whole were under continuous attack by aircraft of the German Luftwaffe,[33] and on 14 September German Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers hit Giuseppe Sirtori, so heavily damaging her that her crew beached her at Potamos on the coast of Corfu.[11][34][35] Her crew later refloated her and took her out into the Straits of Corfu, where they used explosive charges to scuttle her on 25 September 1943 to prevent her capture by German forces.[1][11][17][35][36]
^Giorgio Giorgerini (2002). La guerra italiana sul mare. La Marina tra vittoria e sconfitta, 1940-1943 (in Italian). Mondadori. p. 541. ISBN978-88-04-50150-3.
Brescia, Maurizio (2012). Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regina Marina 1930–45. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN978-1-59114-544-8.
Favre, Franco. La Marina nella Grande Guerra. Le operazioni navali, aeree, subacquee e terrestri in Adriatico (in Italian).
Fraccaroli, Aldo (1968). Italian Warships of World War II. Shepperton, UK: Ian Allan. ISBN0-7110-0002-6.
Fraccaroli, Aldo (1985). "Italy". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 252–290. ISBN0-85177-245-5.
Notarangelo, Rolando; Pagano, Gian Paolo (1997). Navi mercantili perdute (in Italian). Roma: Ufficio Storico Marina Militare. ISBN978-88-98485-22-2.
Roberts, John (1980). "Italy". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. New York: Mayflower Books. pp. 280–317. ISBN0-8317-0303-2.
Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-119-2.
Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War 2: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-85409-521-8.
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