An ongoing war and civil conflict between the Government of Burkina Faso and Islamist rebels began in August 2015 and has led to the displacement of over 2 million people and the deaths of at least 10,000 civilians and combatants.
The delegates of various Islamist groups meet Burkinabé politicians in 2012.
Blaise Compaoré, president of Burkina Faso from 1987 to 2014, treated Islamists somewhat better than French colonial officials did.[9][10] Compaore's Mauritanian advisor, Moustapha Ould Limam Chafi, and General Gilbert Diendéré, both contacted several Islamist leaders in order to free hostages held by these groups.[10]
Burkina Faso acted as a mediator during the Mali War between rebels and the government. Burkina Faso led an intervention into the country in 2013. However, in November 2014, Compaoré was overthrown, marking the end of his rule and creating a scenario of instability.[11]
Timeline
2015–2016
On 23 August 2015, the insurgency in the Maghreb spread to Burkina Faso, beginning with an attack on a gendarmerie by alleged Boko Haram members.[12][13] Between August 2015 and October 2016, seven different posts were attacked across the country, slaying 15 and injuring 11.[14][15] On 9 October, three gendarmes, one rebel, and one civilian were slain during a battle in Samorogouan [fr], Hauts-Bassins.[16][17] On 31 May 2016, three police officers were shot dead in Intangom. On 1 September 2016, a team of two to four jihadists murdered a customs officer and a civilian in Markoye, injuring three others. Two days later, Sahrawi terrorist Adnane Abou Walid Al-Sahraoui accepted responsibility for the attack.[18]
Samorogouan [fr], Soum province.[25] On 22 March, the leader of Ansarul Islam, Harouna Dicko, was shot dead in Pétéga by security forces.[26] By this point, a total of 70 people, the majority of them soldiers, gendarmes and police officers, had been killed in a series of 20 attacks.[27]
Between 27 March – 10 April 2017, the governments of Mali, France, and Burkina Faso launched a joint operation named "Operation Panga", composed of 1,300 soldiers from the three countries, in Fhero forest, near the Burkina Faso-Mali border, considered a sanctuary for Ansarul Islam.[28][29] On 5 April, Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin detonated an improvised explosive device on a French military vehicle, injuring two people. An allied detachment found the militants during a search operation, but the armed Islamist group members attacked again, slaying a soldier.[30] During the ensuing twelve days of searching, two jihadists were killed, eight were taken prisoner, and up to 200 suspects were arrested.[31][32] The French forces quickly returned to the offensive, leading several successful raids against military targets.[33][34][35]
On 27 May, in Pétéga, a retired policeman was assassinated by a group of armed men, but one of them was killed during the operation.[36][37] On the night between 2 and 3 June, at least five people, including a couple and their child, were murdered in targeted attacks across Soum province.[38] On 9 June, military forces rounded up 74 villagers in the town of Djibo accused of collaborating with Ansarul Islam. Several of the villagers were tortured, two fatally.[39] On 12 July, a shootout between authorities and jihadists took place, with no casualties.[40]
The head of Ansarul Islam, Ibrahim Malam Dicko, was killed in June 2017. The group announced a new leader, Jafar Dicko. On the night of 24 to 25 July, five members of Ansarul Islam were assassinated in the villages of Ndidja, Sibé and Neyba, Soum province, possibly by the new leadership.[41]
On 17 August, a Burkinabè army vehicle rolled over an explosive in Touronata, killing three people and injuring two more. This is the first such incident in the country's history.[43] On 15 September, three men, including an imam and the local village chief, were slain by armed men in Soum province.[44] On 23 September, seven soldiers were killed in a mine explosion. Three days later, two gendarmes were killed in an ambush by jihadists.[45] On 9 November, the Burkina Faso Armed Forces successfully neutralized 12 jihadists in the village of Ariel.[46]
2018
Smoke rises from Embassy of France in Burkina Faso, March 2, 2018
In 2018, the insurgency expanded to the east of the country.[48][49][50] The jihadists launched three attacks on 13 June: in Tindangou, against a police checkpoint, and on the police station and gendarmerie brigade of Comin-Yanga. During the last attack security forces managed to shoot an assailant.[51] On 12 August, six people were killed by rebels in a bomb attack in Boungou, near Fada N'Gourma.[52][53] On the night of 27–28 August, eight soldiers died after an explosive device detonated near Pama.[54][55] On the night of 14–15 September, Jihadists murdered nine people in the villages of Diabiga and Kompiembiga including a religious leader.[56][57][58] A few weeks later, rebels kidnapped three employees in a gold mine – an Indian, a South-African and a Burkinabé, slaying three gendarmes in the process.[59] On 4 October, six soldiers died after their military convoy ran over an explosive device.[60][61] That night, an army of forty Islamists launched an attack against local gendarmes in Inata.[62] The following day, six policemen died in a mine bombing near Sollé.[63][64]
In early October, the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso unrolled a major military operation in the country's East, supported by French forces.[65][66][67] On 3 December, gendarmes successfully repelled an ambush at Bougui, ten kilometres from Fada N'Gourma, killing six assailants and injuring another.[68][69]
On 1 January 2019, armed men murdered twenty people in the village of Yirgou, Barsalogho department. The villagers, mostly ethnic Mossis, (who form 52% of Burkina Faso's population) responded by massacring the Fulani members of the town, in what is now known as the Yirgou massacre.[70][71][72][73] 72 people died and over 6,000 were displaced during the incident.[74]
On 10 January, a group of 36 jihadists slew twelve civilians in Gasseliki.[75] 17 days later, ten more civilians were killed in Sikiré, near Arbinda.[76] On 28 January, four Burkinabé soldiers were killed and five others wounded in Nassoumbou.[77] From 3–4 February, jihadists are reported to have massacred 14 civilians in Kaïn, 80 kilometres from Ouahigouya.[78] On 4 February, the army reportedly neutralized 146 jihadists in the departments of Kaïn, Banh and Bomborokuy.[79]Human Rights Watch alleged that the military had carried out several summary executions in the process.[80] The Burkinabé Movement for Human and Peoples' Rights reported that no evidence was found of an attack carried out by terrorists in Kain on that date, and that about sixty civilians were executed without trial by the soldiers.[81][82]
On 15 February, the Centre-Est region experienced its first attack. Four Burkinabés and a Spanish priest were killed at a customs post in Nohao, close to the border with Togo.
According to Human Rights Watch, between mid-2018 to February 2019, at least 42 people were murdered by jihadists and a minimum of 116 mostly Fulani civilians were killed by military forces without trial.[83] From 31 March to 2 April, ethnic clashes between Fulani, Kurumbas, and Mossis killed 62 people in Arbinda.[84][85][86][87][88]
In 2019, Jihadist groups began to start a persecution campaign against Christians. The campaign began on 28 April 2019, when six people, including a pastor, were killed by a group of 10 to 20 people inside a Protestant church in Silgadji.[89][90] On 12 May, six more people, including one priest, died in a Catholic church in Dablo after it was raided by Islamists.[91][90] The next day, a Catholic procession was targeted near Kayon and Singa-Rimaïbé, in Zimtanga department. Four people were murdered and a statue of the Virgin Mary was destroyed.[92][93][90]
Despite this success, massacres have continued to grow more common. On 9 June 19 civilians died in an attack on Arbinda.[94] On 18 June, armed men murdered 17–18 people in the village of Béléhédé.[95] On 22 June 15 villagers in Sagho and Toekédogo, Barsalogho department, were killed,[96] and on the night of 25–26 July, 22 other villagers died in a massacre in Dibilou, nearby the city of Kaya.[97]
According to the ACLED, armed violence in Burkina Faso jumped by 174% in 2019, with nearly 1,300 civilians dead and 860,000 displaced.[98]
On 4 January 2020, a bus carrying mainly middle school students blew up after it ran over an explosive device between Toéni and Tougan, resulting in fourteen deaths.[99] On 20 January, jihadists attacked the villages of Nagraogo and Alamou, inside Barsalogho, Sanmatenga, and massacred 36 civilians.[100][101][102] The next day, the Parliament of Burkina Faso adopted a law permitting the recruitment of civilian militias called Koglweogo to fight the jihadists.[103][104][105] The idea was initially proposed by presidentRoch Marc Christian Kaboré in November 2019.[104]
On 25 January, the village of Silgadji was attacked again, this time with a death toll of 39 civilians.[106][107][108][102] Three days later, six soldiers were killed between Madjoari and Pama, in Kompienga province.[109] On 12 February, two civilians were killed by jihadists in Tanwalbougou.[110]
On Sunday, 16 February, a Protestant church in Pansi was attacked by armed jihadists, who murdered 24 people (including the pastor) and wounding 20 more. This was a week before five people (also including a pastor) were slain in a church in the neighbouring town of Sebba.[111][112][113]
On 29 February, Sebba was attacked again, leaving ten policemen dead.[114]
On 8 March, the Fulani villages of Barga-Peulh and Dinguila-Peulh, Barga department, were raided by pro-government militias, leaving forty civilians dead.[115]
In October, around fifty refugees who had fled elsewhere tried to return to their home region, thinking that the violence had decreased. Their convoy was ambushed in the middle of the night, ten kilometers from Pissila. 25 male refugees, approximately half of the convoy, were murdered by the attackers. All women and children were spared.[119]
On 20 August, jihadists killed 80 people in Gorgadji, including 59 civilians.[120]
November became one of the year's bloodiest months for Burkina Faso.[121][122][123] On 14 November, the Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin attacked a gendarmerie in Inata, killing 53 people, including four civilians. The attack remains the heaviest loss of life by the Burkinabe military during the insurgency, and a major morale loss in the country.[124] On 21 November, an attack in Foubé resulted in nine soldiers dead and ten civilians killed.[125]
In December, a group of civilians stopped a French convoy in Kaya Department, alleging that France was secretly working with the jihadists.[126] In a separate incident during that month, Islamists killed 41 people in an ambush, including the popular vigilante leader Ladji Yoro. Yoro was a central figure in the Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland, or VDP for short, a pro-government militia that has taken a leading role in the country's struggle against Islamists.[127]
On 15 January, at least 10 civilians were killed in an attack blamed on jihadists in northern Burkina Faso, in the village of Namssiguian in Bam province.[128]
Operation Laabingol 1 took place in the north of the country, from 16 January to 23 January, 2022. 163 jihadists were killed, injured, or captured in the operations, including 60 in collaboration with French forces in the country, according to the French and Burkinabe militaries.[129] The Burkinabe government claimed to have killed the leader of jihadists operating in the Kelbo area. The Burkinabe military claimed to have lost one soldier killed, and two wounded in the operation, and captured many weapons, including improvised explosive devices.[130]
Burkinabé soldiers in the aftermath of the 2022 coup.
On 23 January, military officials overthrew Kabore's ruling government. Government failures to quell the Islamist insurgency has been described as a possible motive for the coup, which received unusual popularity.[74][131] The junta's leader, Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba, is well-known for his widely popular military operations against Islamists.[132] Damiba has also replaced government ministers (such as Gilbert Noël Ouédraogo) perceived to have handled the insurgency poorly with more popular figures.[133]
Allegations have arisen in the aftermath of the coup that the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration may hire mercenaries from the Wagner Group in the future. Damiba had called earlier to hire Russian mercenaries against the Islamists, but was forbidden to do so by Kabore.[134]
On 27 January, France confirmed that from 15 to 23 January 2022, more than sixty recorded jihadists had been "neutralized" in four separate incidents by Burkinabé soldiers working together with French units.[135]
Ten members of Ansarul Islam died during a battle with French forces on 10 February near Ouahigouya in return for the killing of five officers in the previous year.[123] Four civilians died in the crossfire. French authorities expressed regret for the civilian casualties, which they assured was accidental.[136]
On 8–9 February, insurgents attacked the W National Park in Benin, killing nine people. On 12 February, French forces retaliated by launching a major airstrike on an Islamist camp in Burkina Faso, killing forty rebels.[137][138][139]
On 11 May 2022, Burkinabè militants crossed the border into Togo and killed eight soldiers.[140]
On 9 June, several attacks took place in the country. A civilian and a soldier were killed at the Karma gold mine in Yatenga Province while 3 to 4 soldiers were also injured.[141] In Seytenga Department, Séno Province, 11 military police were killed when their command post came under attack by a larger force of armed men. In Kossi Province, 4 military police were killed in an attack.[142]
Over the weekend of 12–13 June, between 100 and 165 people were killed in Seytenga Department, Séno Province. The attackers appear to have targeted men and around 3,000 people left their homes.[143] The UNHCR reported on 17 June that around 16,000 people had left the area since the attack and called for urgent support for the IDPs.[144] On 12 June, at least six people were killed in Alga, Bam Province.[145]
On 18 June, the ECOWAS mediator to Burkina Faso, Mahamadou Issoufou, stated that the Government of Burkina Faso controls 60% the country.[147]
On 22 June, the Government announced the creation of "military zones". Populations in these designated areas will have to leave their homes and lands in order to allow the country's Armed and Security Forces to fight the armed insurgents without any "hindrances".[148]
On 25 June, the Army of Burkina Faso presented a 2-week deadline for populations in the so-called "military zones" to abandon their homes and move to safer zones.[149]
On the night 3–4 July, fourteen churchgoers were murdered at the Cathedral of Nouna.[150]
On August 8, five civilians and five armed volunteers were killed by unidentified assailants.[151]
On August 9, fifteen soldiers were killed in a double-tap bomb attack.[151]
On August 14, the Collective against Impunity and the Stigmatization of Communities (CISC), a Burkinabe NGO, denounced the massacre of at least 40 civilians perpetrated by alleged Burkinabe soldiers on August 8. The massacre is said to have occurred in Tougouri Department.[152]
On September 5, at least 35 civilians were killed and 37 wounded following a suspected jihadist attack when a vehicle in the escorted supply convoy, heading to Ouagadougou, hit an improvised explosive device (IED) on the main road, between the northern towns of Djibo and Bourzanga, in the north of Burkina Faso.[153]
On September 26, eleven soldiers were killed and 50 civilians are missing following a suspected jihadist ambush in the northern town of Djibo in the Gaskinde area of Soum Province of Burkina Faso. The attack also left 28 wounded, including 20 soldiers, 1 Volunteer for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP) and 7 civilians.[154]
On September 30, a second military coup within a year occurred, with the military removing Lt Col Paul-Henri Damiba, citing his "inability to deal with an Islamist insurgency".[155] The new leader Col Ibrahim Traoré, who led an anti-jihadist unit in the north of Burkina Faso called Cobra, claimed Damiba was being protected by the French army, which has resulted in violent protests by citizens outside the French embassy.[155] Traoré expects Damiba of plotting a counter-attack, which will push the country into civil war.[155] Gunshots were heard in Burkina Faso's capital city Ouagadougou and helicopters had circled overhead.[155]
On October 2, religious and community leaders announced that Damiba had agreed to resign from his position after they mediated between him and Traoré. Damiba reportedly demanded seven guarantees in return, including that his allies would be protected, a guarantee for his security and rights, and that the new junta would fulfill the promise he made to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) about restoring civilian rule in two years.[156]
On November 9, 2022 the 14th Inter-Arms Regiment of Djibo fired artillery into the village of Holdé, Yaté, Ména, and Dabere-Pogowel. The Shells were fired from a military outpost 10 km from the villages. Many civilians were killed including women and a seven-month-old baby, the civilians mainly belonged to the Fulani ethnic minority which has long been suspected of supporting Jihadists. In total at least 50 civilians were killed in the massacre.[157][158][159]
On 20 April, possibly in response to the attack in Aoréma, the Rapid Intervention Brigade committed the Karma massacre, one of the most serious human rights violations in the insurgency. Witnesses described how residents had cheered on the advance of hundreds of soldiers into Karma, a Mossi-majority village with a population of around 400 people. Despite the fact the village was pro-Traoré, soldiers rounded up civilians en masse and had them executed. Soldiers killed civilians in their own homes or burned the houses to the ground while the residents were still inside. Women, children, elderly people and babies were said to be among the dead.[165][166] While officials said that at least sixty people had been killed,[167] witnesses claimed the number of dead was around 200.[165]
On 5 November, a massacre was carried out in the village of Zaongo by an unknown group. It was reported that at least 70 people were killed, mostly children and elderly.[169] The European Union's foreign policy chief Josep Borrell issued a condemnation and said that the death toll was over 100.[170]
On 18 November, near-simultaneous attacks took place in Diapaga, killing 15 people.[171]
On 26 November, allegedly about 3,000 jihadists affiliated with JNIM launched a major assault on Djibo, resulting in at least 40 civilian deaths. 400 jihadists allegedly died (per-Burkina Faso) in a counter-offensive, along with several Burkinabe soldiers.[172]
2024
On 25 January, it was reported that Russia had sent around 100 troops, with 200 more expected to arrive, to help train the Burkina Faso Army and patrol dangerous areas.[173] In a state visit in June, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov stated that the number of military instructors would increase in the future.[174]
On 25 February at least 15 people were killed by the Islamic State in an attack on a Catholic Church in the village of Essakane in Oudalan Province.[175] Dozens of civilians were killed during an attack on a mosque in Natiaboani. Members of the auxiliary VDP were also targeted.[176] Burkina Faso's army summarily executed 223 civilians. Massacres occurred in Nondin and Soro villages.[177]
On 3 March, a recent attack on three villages led to the execution of 170 people by the militants.[178]
On 11 June, JNIM attacked a military base and captured it killing 107 soldiers and capturing another seven soldiers.[180]
On 25 August, JNIM again launched a major attack on people given the responsibility of digging trenches for the protection of security outposts in the region of Barsalogho. At least 600 people were killed and 300 people were injured in the attack.[181][182][183]
Humanitarian situation
Displaced Fulani civilians in the aftermath of the Yirgou massacre.
A humanitarian crisis has erupted in the aftermath of the conflict, with thousands of people killed by both sides.[83] The UNHCR estimates that six in ten displaced people in the Sahel are from Burkina Faso.[184]
Government forces have summarily executed a very large number[need quotation to verify] of civilians, disproportionately targeting ethnic Fulani.[185][failed verification] In October 2019, 14 men had their turbans ripped off by government forces, then forced into a truck and executed. Fulanis have also been subject to violence by pro-government civilians, such as during the 2019 Yirgou massacre, in which hundreds of civilians were murdered by ethnic Mossis.[83]
In 2020, a mass grave of over 180 civilians was found near Djibo, killed by government forces. Summary executions and war crimes by the military have become an ordinary incident in the town.[186] In one separate incident, 10 civilians were killed in a market place in Petagoli, three of them Dogon foreigners from Mali.[187]
Jihadists have also been guilty of human rights abuses. Islamists have also targeted schools, the most famous example happening on 12 November 2018, when six Islamists broke into a primary school, mugged the principal, and attacked several students. This was one of the few local cases in which the people responsible for such an attack were arrested.[188][189] Rebels have justified attacks on schools by painting them as French and Western-style indoctrination programs.[190] Numerous schools have been shut down, leading to an estimated 300,000 children without access to education.[132] Villagers have been terrorized during their everyday lives, often prohibited from holding baptisms or marriages; the assassination of local elders has become a common occurrence.[83] From April 2019 to January 2020, Human Rights Watch recorded the killing of at least 256 civilians in a series of 20 different attacks.[90]
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