She also worked in medical ethics, and was controversially dismissed from the Bush administration's President's Council on Bioethics. 170 scientists signed an open letter to the president in her support, maintaining that she was fired because of political opposition to her advice.[4]
Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, the second of seven children, was born in Hobart, Tasmania, on 26 November 1948, with both her parents being family physicians.[5][6] Her family moved to the city of Launceston when she was four, where she attended the Broadland House Church of England Girls' Grammar School (later amalgamated with Launceston Church Grammar School) until the age of sixteen.
During her postdoctoral work at Yale, Blackburn was doing research on the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila and noticed a repeating codon at the end of the linear rDNA which varied in size.[9] Blackburn then noticed that this hexanucleotide at the end of the chromosome contained a TTAGGG sequence that was tandemly repeated, and the terminal end of the chromosomes were palindromic. These characteristics allowed Blackburn and colleagues to conduct further research on the protozoan. Using the telomeric repeated end of Tetrahymena, Blackburn and colleague Jack Szostak showed the unstable replicating plasmids of yeast were protected from degradation, proving that these sequences contained characteristics of telomeres.[9] This research also proved the telomeric repeats of Tetrahymena were conserved evolutionarily between the species.[9] Through this research, Blackburn and collaborators noticed the replication system for chromosomes was not likely to add to the lengthening of the telomere, and that the addition of these hexanucleotides to the chromosomes was likely due to the activity of an enzyme that is able to transfer specific functional groups.[9] The proposition of a possible transferase-like enzyme led Blackburn and PhD student Carol W. Greider to the discovery of an enzyme with reverse transcriptase activity that was able to fill in the terminal ends of telomeres without leaving the chromosome incomplete and unable to divide without loss of the end of the chromosome.[10] This 1985 discovery led to the purification of this enzyme in lab, showing the transferase-like enzyme contained both RNA and protein components.[9] The RNA portion of the enzyme served as a template for adding the telomeric repeats to the incomplete telomere, and the protein added enzymatic function for the addition of these repeats.Through this breakthrough, the term "telomerase" was given to the enzyme, solving the end-replication process that had troubled scientists at the time.[10]
Telomerase works by adding base pairs to the overhang of DNA on the 3' end, extending the strand until DNA polymerase and an RNA primer can complete the complementary strand and successfully synthesize the double-stranded DNA. Since DNA polymerase only synthesizes DNA in the leading strand direction, the shortening of the telomere results.[11] Through their research, Blackburn and collaborators were able to show that the telomere is effectively replenished by the enzyme telomerase, which conserves cellular division by preventing the rapid loss of genetic information internal to the telomere, leading to cellular aging.[9]
On 1 January 2016, Blackburn was interviewed about her studies, discovering telomerase, and her current research. When she was asked to recall the moment of telomerase discovery she stated:[12]
Carol had done this experiment, and we stood, just in the lab, and I remember sort of standing there, and she had this – we call it a gel. It's an autoradiogram because there were trace amounts of radioactivity that were used to develop an image of the separated DNA products of what turned out to be the telomerase enzyme reaction. I remember looking at it and just thinking, 'Ah! This could be very big. This looks just right.' It had a pattern to it. There was a regularity to it. There was something that was not just sort of garbage there, and that was really kind of coming through, even though we look back at it now, we'd say, technically, there was this, that, and the other, but it was a pattern shining through, and it just had this sort of sense, 'Ah! There's something real here.' But then, of course, the good scientist has to be very skeptical and immediately say, 'Okay, we're going to test this every way around here, and really nail this one way or the other.' If it's going to be true, you have to make sure that it's true, because you can get a lot of false leads, especially if you're wanting something to work.[12]
In 1978, Blackburn joined the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley, in the Department of Molecular Biology. In 1990, she moved across the San Francisco Bay to the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), where she served as the Department Chair from 1993 to 1999 and was the Morris Herzstein Professor of Biology and Physiology at UCSF. Blackburn became a Professor Emeritus at UCSF at the end of 2015.[13][14]
Blackburn co-founded the company Telomere Health which offers telomere length testing to the public, but later severed ties with the company.[15][16]
In 2015, Blackburn was announced as the new President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. "Few scientists garner the kind of admiration and respect that Dr. Blackburn receives from her peers for her scientific accomplishments and her leadership, service and integrity", says Irwin M. Jacobs, chairman of Salk's Board of Trustees, on Blackburn's appointment as President of the institute. "Her deep insight as a scientist, her vision as a leader, and her warm personality will prove invaluable as she guides the Salk Institute on its continuing journey of discovery". In 2017, she announced her plans to retire from the Salk Institute the following year.[17]
Nobel Prize
For their research and contributions to the understanding of telomeres and the enzyme telomerase, Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider, and Jack Szostak were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The substantial research on the effects of chromosomal protection from telomerase, and the impact this has on cellular division has been a revolutionary catalyst in the field of molecular biology.[18] For example, the addition of telomerase to cells that do not possess this enzyme has shown to bypass the limit of cellular ageing in those cells, thereby linking this enzyme to reduced cellular aging.[18] The addition of telomerase, and the presence of the enzyme in cancer cells has been shown to provide an immunity mechanism for the cell in proliferating, linking the transferase activity to increased cellular growth and reduced sensitivity for cellular signaling. Telomeres are also believed to play an important role in certain types of cancers, including pancreatic, bone, prostate, bladder, lung, kidney, and head and neck cancer.[19] The importance of discovering this enzyme has since led her continued research at the University of California San Francisco, where she studies the effect of telomeres and telomerase activity on cellular aging.[20]
Bioethics
Blackburn was appointed a member of the President's Council on Bioethics in 2002.[21] She supported human embryonic cell research, in opposition to the Bush administration. Her Council terms were terminated by White House directive on 27 February 2004.[22] Dr. Blackburn believes that she was dismissed from the Council due to her disapproval of the Bush administration's position against stem cell research.[23] This was followed by expressions of outrage over her removal by many scientists, 170 of whom signed an open letter to the president maintaining that she was fired because of political opposition to her advice.[24]
Scientists and ethicists at the time even went as far as to say that Blackburn's removal was in violation of the Federal Advisory Committee Act of 1972, which "requires balance on such advisory bodies"[23]
"There is a growing sense that scientific research—which, after all, is defined by the quest for truth—is being manipulated for political ends", wrote Blackburn. "There is evidence that such manipulation is being achieved through the stacking of the membership of advisory bodies and through the delay and misrepresentation of their reports."[25][26]
Blackburn serves on the Science Advisory Board of the Regenerative Medicine Foundation formerly known as the Genetics Policy Institute.[27]
Current research
In recent years Blackburn and her colleagues have been investigating the effect of stress on telomerase and telomeres[28] with particular emphasis on mindfulness meditation.[29][30] She is also one of several biologists (and one of two Nobel Prize laureates) in the 1995 science documentary Death by Design/The Life and Times of Life and Times. She also featured in the 2012 Emmy award-winning science documentary, 'Decoding Immortality' (also known as 'Immortal') by Genepool Productions.[31] Studies suggest that chronic psychological stress may accelerate ageing at the cellular level. Intimate partner violence was found to shorten telomere length in formerly abused women versus never abused women, possibly causing poorer overall health and greater morbidity in abused women.[32]
At the University of California San Francisco, Blackburn currently researches telomeres and telomerase in many organisms, from yeast to human cells.[20] The lab is focused on telomere maintenance, and how this has an impact on cellular aging. Many chronic diseases have been associated with the improper maintenance of these telomeres, thereby affecting cellular division, cycling, and impaired growth. At the cutting edge of telomere research, the Blackburn lab currently investigates the impact of limited maintenance of telomeres in cells through altering the enzyme telomerase.[20]
Publications
Blackburn's first book The Telomere Effect: A Revolutionary Approach to Living Younger, Healthier, Longer[33] (2017) was co-authored with health psychologist Dr. Elissa S. Epel of Aging, Metabolism, and Emotions (AME) Center at the UCSF Center for Health and Community.[34] Blackburn comments on ageing reversal and care for one's telomeres through lifestyle: managing chronic stress, exercising, eating better and getting enough sleep; telomere testing, plus cautions and advice.[35] While studying telomeres and the replenishing enzyme, telomerase, Blackburn discovered a vital role played by these protective caps that revolved around one central idea: ageing of cells. The book hones in on many of the effects that poor health can have on telomeres and telomerase activity.[36] Since telomeres shorten with every division of a cell, replenishing these caps is essential to long term cell growth. Through research and data, Blackburn explained that people that lead stressful lives exhibit less telomerase functioning in the body, which leads to a decrease in the dividing capabilities of the cell.[36] Once telomeres shorten drastically, the cells can no longer divide, meaning the tissues they replenish with every division would therefore die out, highlighting the ageing mechanism in humans. To increase telomerase activity in people with stress-filled lives, Blackburn suggests moderate exercise, even 15 minutes a day, which has been proven to stimulate telomerase activity and replenish the telomere.[36]
Blackburn states that unhappiness in lives also has an effect on the shortening of telomeres. In a study done on divorced couples, their telomere length was "significantly shorter" compared to couples in healthy relationships, and Blackburn states, "There's an obvious stressor ... we are intensely social beings."[37] She suggests positivity in daily life increases health. While increasing the amount of exercise, decreasing stress, and tobacco use, and maintaining a balanced sleep schedule, Blackburn explains that telomere length can be maintained, leading to a decrease in cell aging.[37] Blackburn also tells readers to be wary of clinical pills that proclaim to lengthen or telomeres and protect the body from aging. She says that these pills and creams have no scientific proof of being anti-aging supplements and that the key to preserving our telomeres and stimulating telomerase activity comes from leading a healthy life.[37]
Personal life
While working at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, Blackburn met her husband John Sedat.[38] Sedat had taken a position at Yale, where she then decided to finish her postdoctoral.[5][6] "Thus it was that love brought me to a most fortunate and influential choice: Joe Gall’s lab at Yale." They moved to New Haven and were married soon after.[6]
Blackburn splits her time living between La Jolla and San Francisco with her husband, and has a son, Benjamin, born in 1986.[6][39] She serves as a mentor and advocate for scientific research and policy.[40]
Awards and honours
Blackburn's awards and honors include:
Elizabeth Blackburn (Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology 2009) in Stockholm, June 2016
Companion of the Order of Australia (Australia Day Honours, 2010), for "eminent service to science as a leader in the field of biomedical research, particularly through the discovery of telomerase and its role in the development of cancer and ageing of cells and through contributions as an international adviser in Bioethics."[52]
^A Nobel prize for a Bush criticArchived 12 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine By Andrew Leonard, Salon.com, 5 October 2009 Free text. Extensive quotation from Blackburn's article. She is an important scientist throughout the world.
^Blackburn, Elizabeth (2017). The telomere effect: a revolutionary approach to living younger, healthier, longer. New York: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN978-1-4555-8798-8. OCLC949143786.
^Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn, Dr. Elissa Epel (2017). The Telomere Effect: A Revolutionary Approach to Living Younger, Healthier, Longer. Grand Central Publishing. p. 416. ISBN978-1-4555-8797-1.
Miss Universe 1958Tanggal26 Juli 1958Tempat Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, Long Beach, ASPembawa acaraBob RussellPeserta36Finalis/Semifinalis15DebutKolombia, Polandia, SurinameTidak tampilAustria, Filipina, Islandia, Maroko, Martinik, Puerto Riko, Sri LankaPemenangLuz Marina Zuluaga( Kolombia)PersahabatanTomoko Moritake( Jepang)PhotogenicCorine Rottschäfer( Belanda)Penghargaan khususPhotogenic← 19571959 →lbs Miss Universe 1958 adalah kontes Miss …
Artikel ini sedang dalam perubahan besar untuk sementara waktu.Untuk menghindari konflik penyuntingan, dimohon jangan melakukan penyuntingan selama pesan ini ditampilkan.Halaman ini terakhir disunting oleh JacobSanchez295 (Kontrib • Log) 64 hari 1376 menit lalu. Pesan ini dapat dihapus jika halaman ini sudah tidak disunting dalam beberapa jam. Jika Anda adalah penyunting yang menambahkan templat ini, harap diingat untuk menghapusnya setelah selesai atau menggantikannya dengan {{Under…
American professional wrestling promotion American Wrestling AssociationTrade nameAWAFormerlyMinneapolis Boxing & Wrestling ClubCompany typePrivateIndustryProfessional wrestlingFounded1960(as AWA)FounderVerne Gagne and Wally KarboDefunct1991FateAssets owned by WWESuccessorAWA Superstars of Wrestling (unofficial)HeadquartersMinneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.OwnerVerne Gagne (until 2003)WWE (after 2003)WebsiteAWA on WWE.com The American Wrestling Association (AWA) was an American professional wrestl…
For other uses, see The Heights (disambiguation). American TV series or program The HeightsGenreMusical dramaCreated byEric RothTony SpiridakisStarringJamie WaltersCamille SaviolaAlex DésertCharlotte Ross Zachary ThroneTheme music composerBarry CoffingSteve TyrellStephanie TyrellOpening themeHow Do You Talk to an Angel performed by the HeightsComposersShawn David Thompson, Zachary Throne, Jamie WaltersCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes13 (1 unai…
Міністерство оборони України (Міноборони) Емблема Міністерства оборони та Прапор Міністерства оборони Будівля Міністерства оборони у КиєвіЗагальна інформаціяКраїна УкраїнаДата створення 24 серпня 1991Попередні відомства Міністерство оборони СРСР Народний комісаріа…
2018 The Bend SuperSprintEvent InformationRound 11 of 16 in the 2018 Supercars ChampionshipDate24–26 August 2018LocationTailem Bend, South AustraliaVenueThe Bend Motorsport ParkResultsRace 1Distance 24 laps 118.808 kmPole position Jamie WhincupTriple Eight Race Engineering 1:50.1371Winner Shane van GisbergenTriple Eight Race Engineering 48:23.2330Race 2Distance 41 laps 202.964 kmPole position Jamie WhincupTriple Eight Race Engineering 1:48.6498Winner Jamie WhincupTriple Eight Race Engineering …
Конкуренция уголовно-правовых норм имеет место в случаях, когда одно и то же деяние регулируется двумя нормами уголовного законодательства, из которых подлежит применению только одна. Содержание 1 Законодательные положения, касающиеся конкуренции уголовно-правовых норм…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Joseph et Saint Joseph. Joseph Saint chrétien Saint Joseph avec l'Enfant Jésus, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo , musée des Beaux-Arts de Séville, Espagne. Chef de la Sainte Famille Naissance Ier siècle av. J.-C. Décès Ier siècle Nazareth Vénéré par toutes les Églises chrétiennes qui admettent le culte des saints Fête 19 mars, 1er mai (saint Joseph artisan, patron des travailleurs) Attributs Équerre, bâton fleuri, gourde, lys Sain…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2023. Jane GarrettLahirJane Dipika GarrettOktober 2000 (umur 23–24)Amerika SerikatPekerjaanModelPerawatGelarMiss Universe Nepal 2023Pemenang kontes kecantikanKompetisiutamaMiss Universe Nepal 2023(Pemenang)Miss Universe 2023(Winner) Jane Dipika Garr…
Type of tracked vehicle suspension The Light Tank Mk Ia (A4E8 prototype) became the first tank in the world to use the Horstmann design. In this case the spring is outside the track area, leaving room for track return rollers to lie directly over the suspension in a particularly compact layout. The Light Tank Mk III introduced a slightly modified version with only one bell crank per bogie, causing the spring to lie somewhat angled as a result. This system was used on the Universal Carrier. Horst…
Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Voce principale: Futbola Klubs Spartaks Jūrmala. Futbola Klubs Spartaks JūrmalaStagione 2013Sport calcio Squadra Spartaks Jūrmala 2012 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti il Futbola Klubs Spartaks Jūrmala nelle competizioni ufficiali de…
British historian (1926–2005) Maurice John CowlingBorn(1926-09-06)6 September 1926London, EnglandDied24 August 2005(2005-08-24) (aged 78)Swansea, WalesNationalityBritishAlma materJesus College, CambridgeOccupationHistorianKnown forHis high politics interpretation of modern British history Maurice John Cowling (6 September 1926 – 24 August 2005) was a British historian. A fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, for most of his career, Cowling was a leading conservative exponent of the…
Not to be confused with the Siege of Puebla (1847) from September 14 to Oct 12, 1847, in Puebla, Puebla, Mexico. Siege of Pueblo de TaosPart of the Taos RevoltMexican–American WarThe death of John Burgwin at the Siege of Taos.DateFebruary 3–5, 1847LocationPueblo de Taos, New MexicoResult American victoryBelligerents United States MexicoCommanders and leaders Sterling Price John Burgwin † Ceran St. Vrain Pablo Chávez Pablo Montoya † Tomás Romero †Stren…
2023 EF4 tornado in Mississippi 2023 Rolling Fork–Silver City tornado Top: The tornado being illuminated by lightning during the night on March 24.Bottom: A damaged SUV amid debris in Rolling Fork following the stormMeteorological historyFormedMarch 24, 2023, 7:57 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)DissipatedMarch 24, 2023, 9:08 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)Duration1 hour, 11 minutes EF4 tornadoon the Enhanced Fujita scaleHighest winds195 mph (314 km/h)[1][2]Over…
Uto-Aztecan language spoken in Mexico Pima BajoO'ob No'okNative toMexicoRegionChihuahua, SonoraEthnicityPima BajoNative speakers740 (2015)[1]Language familyUto-Aztecan Southern Uto-AztecanTepimanPima BajoLanguage codesISO 639-3piaGlottologpima1248ELPO'obChihuahua Lower Pima is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Pima Bajo (Mountain Pima, Lowland Pima, Nevome) is a Mexican indigenous language of the Piman branch of the Uto-A…
American historian Beckert speaking at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 2016 Sven Beckert is Laird Bell Professor of American History at Harvard University, where he teaches the history of the United States in the nineteenth century, and global history.[1] With Christine A. Desan, he is the co-director of the Program on the Study of Capitalism at Harvard University.[2] He was an American Council of Learned Societies Fellow in 2008.[3] He was a Freiburg Institute…
American baseball player and manager Baseball player Ron GardenhireGardenhire with the Minnesota Twins, 2013Shortstop / Manager / CoachBorn: (1957-10-24) October 24, 1957 (age 66)Butzbach, Hessen, West GermanyBatted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 1, 1981, for the New York MetsLast MLB appearanceOctober 6, 1985, for the New York MetsMLB statisticsBatting average.232Home runs4Runs batted in49Managerial record1,200–1,280Winning %.484 TeamsAs player Ne…
Football match1991 DFB-Pokal FinalMatch programme coverEvent1990–91 DFB-Pokal Werder Bremen 1. FC Köln 1 1 After extra timeWerder Bremen won 4–3 on penaltiesDate22 June 1991 (1991-06-22)VenueOlympiastadion, BerlinRefereeAron Schmidhuber (Ottobrunn)[1]Attendance73,000← 1990 1992 → The 1991 DFB-Pokal Final decided the winner of the 1990–91 DFB-Pokal, the 48th season of Germany's premier knockout football cup competition. It was played on 22 June 1991 at th…
تريس كانتوس (بالإنجليزية) Tres Cantos تريس كانتوسالعلم تريس كانتوسالشعار خريطة الموقع تقسيم إداري البلد إسبانيا[1][2] التقسيم الأعلى منطقة مدريد المسؤولون خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 40°36′24″N 3°42′24″W / 40.6065832°N 3.7065364°W / 40.6065832; -3.7065364 [3] [4] ال…
_in_Stockholm,_June_2016.jpg)
