Anglosphere

The Anglosphere, also known as the Anglo-American world,^[2] is the Anglo-American sphere of influence, with a core group of nations that today maintain close political, diplomatic and military co-operation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with the sphere of anglophones, though commonly included nations are those that were formerly part of the British Empire and retained the English language and English common law.

The five core countries of the Anglosphere are usually taken to be Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries enjoy close cultural and diplomatic links with one another and are aligned under military and security programmes such as Five Eyes.

The Anglosphere is the Anglo-American sphere of influence.^[a] The term was first coined by the science fiction writer Neal Stephenson in his book The Diamond Age, published in 1995. John Lloyd adopted the term in 2000 and defined it as including English-speaking countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, and the British West Indies.^[4] James C. Bennett defines anglosphere as "the English-speaking Common Law-based nations of the world",^[5] arguing that former British colonies that retained English common law and the English language have done significantly better than counterparts colonised by other European powers.^[6] The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the Anglosphere as "the countries of the world in which the English language and cultural values predominate".^[7][b] However the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with anglophone.^{[8][better source needed]}

The definition is usually taken to include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States^[9] in a grouping of developed countries called the core Anglosphere. The term Anglosphere can also more widely encompass Ireland, Malta and the Commonwealth Caribbean countries.^{[10][11][12][13][14][4][excessive citations]}

The five core countries in the Anglosphere are developed countries that maintain close cultural and diplomatic links with one another. They are aligned under such military and security programmes as:^{[15][4][16][17]}

• ABCANZ Armies
• Air and Space Interoperability Council (air forces)
• AUSCANNZUKUS (navies)
• Border Five
• Combined Communications Electronics Board (communications electronics)
• Five Eyes (intelligence)
• Five Nations Passport Group
• Migration 5
• The Technical Cooperation Program (technology and science)
• The UKUSA Agreement (signals intelligence).

Relations have traditionally been warm between Anglosphere countries, with bilateral partnerships such as those between Australia and New Zealand, the United States and Canada and the United States and the United Kingdom (the Special Relationship) constituting the most successful partnerships in the world.^[18][19][20]

In terms of political systems, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have Charles III as head of state, form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and use the Westminster parliamentary system of government. Most of the core countries have first-past-the-post electoral systems, though Australia and New Zealand have reformed their systems and there are other systems used in some elections in the UK. As a consequence, most core Anglosphere countries have politics dominated by two major parties.

Below is a table comparing the five core countries of the Anglosphere (data for 2022/2023):

Country	Population	Land area (km2)[21]	GDP Nominal (USD bn)[22]	GDP PPP (USD bn)[22]	GDP PPP per capita (USD)[23]	National wealth PPP (USD bn)[24][23][25]	Military spending PPP (USD bn)[26]
Australia	26,009,249[27]	7,692,020	1,707	1,718	65,366	7,661	22.0
Canada	38,708,793[28]	9,984,670	2,089	2,385	60,177	9,971	23.3
New Zealand	5,130,623[29]	262,443	251	278	54,046	1,229	3.1
United Kingdom	67,081,234[30]	241,930	3,158	3,846	56,471	16,208	70.2
United States	332,718,707[31]	9,833,520	26,854	26,854	80,035	114,932	734.3
Core Anglosphere	469,648,606	27,329,350	34,059	28,115	65,700	150,001	852.9
... as % of World	5.9%	18.4%	32.3%	20%	3.3×	24.9%	32.9%

Due to their historic links, the Anglosphere countries share many cultural traits that still persist today. Most countries in the Anglosphere follow the rule of law through common law rather than civil law, and favour democracy with legislative chambers above other political systems.^[32] Private property is protected by law or constitution.^{[33][better source needed]}

Market freedom is high in the five core Anglosphere countries, as all five share the Anglo-Saxon economic model – a capitalist model that emerged in the 1970s based on the Chicago school of economics with origins from the 18th century United Kingdom.^[34] The shared sense of globalisation led cities such as New York, London, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Toronto to have considerable impacts on the international markets and the global economy.^[35] Global popular culture has been highly influenced by the United States and the United Kingdom.^{[33][better source needed]}

Proponents of the Anglosphere concept typically come from the political right (such as Andrew Roberts of the UK Conservative Party), and critics from the centre-left (for example Michael Ignatieff of the Liberal Party of Canada).

As early as 1897, Albert Venn Dicey proposed an Anglo-Saxon "intercitizenship" during an address to the Fellows of All Souls at Oxford.^[36]

The American businessman James C. Bennett,^[37] a proponent of the idea that there is something special about the cultural and legal (common law) traditions of English-speaking nations, writes in his 2004 book The Anglosphere Challenge:

The Anglosphere, as a network civilization without a corresponding political form, has necessarily imprecise boundaries. Geographically, the densest nodes of the Anglosphere are found in the United States and the United Kingdom. English-speaking Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and English-speaking South Africa (who constitute a very small minority in that country) are also significant populations. The English-speaking Caribbean, English-speaking Oceania and the English-speaking educated populations in Africa and India constitute other important nodes.^[15]

Bennett argues that there are two challenges confronting his concept of the Anglosphere. The first is finding ways to cope with rapid technological advancement and the second is the geopolitical challenges created by what he assumes will be an increasing gap between anglophone prosperity and economic struggles elsewhere.^[38]

British historian Andrew Roberts claims that the Anglosphere has been central in the First World War, Second World War and Cold War. He goes on to contend that anglophone unity is necessary for the defeat of Islamism.^[39]

According to a 2003 profile in The Guardian, historian Robert Conquest favoured a British withdrawal from the European Union in favour of creating "a much looser association of English-speaking nations, known as the 'Anglosphere'".^[40][41]

Favourability ratings tend to be overwhelmingly positive between countries within a subset of the core Anglosphere known as CANZUK (consisting of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom),^{[according to whom?]} whose members form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and retain Charles III as head of state. In the wake of the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union (Brexit) as a result of a referendum held in 2016, there has been mounting political and popular support for a loose free travel and common market area to be formed among the CANZUK countries.^[42][43][44]

In 2000, Michael Ignatieff wrote in an exchange with Robert Conquest, published by the New York Review of Books, that the term neglects the evolution of fundamental legal and cultural differences between the US and the UK, and the ways in which UK and European norms drew closer together during Britain's membership in the EU through regulatory harmonisation. Of Conquest's view of the Anglosphere, Ignatieff writes: "He seems to believe that Britain should either withdraw from Europe or refuse all further measures of cooperation, which would jeopardize Europe's real achievements. He wants Britain to throw in its lot with a union of English-speaking peoples, and I believe this to be a romantic illusion".^[45]

In 2016, Nick Cohen wrote in an article titled "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit" for The Spectator's Coffee House blog: "'Anglosphere' is just the right's PC replacement for what we used to call in blunter times 'the white Commonwealth'."^[46][47] He repeated this criticism in another article for The Guardian in 2018.^[48] Similar criticism was presented by other critics such as Canadian academic Srđan Vučetić.^[49][50]

In 2018, amidst the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, two British professors of public policy Michael Kenny and Nick Pearce published a critical scholarly monograph titled Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics (ISBN 978-1509516612). In one of a series of accompanying opinion pieces, they questioned:^[51]

The tragedy of the different national orientations that have emerged in British politics after empire—whether pro-European, Anglo-American, Anglospheric or some combination of these—is that none of them has yet been the compelling, coherent and popular answer to the country's most important question: How should Britain find its way in the wider, modern world?

They stated in another article:^[52]

Meanwhile, the other core English-speaking countries to which the Anglosphere refers, show no serious inclination to join the UK in forging new political and economic alliances. They will, most likely, continue to work within existing regional and international institutions and remain indifferent to – or simply perplexed by – calls for some kind of formalised Anglosphere alliance.

• Bell, Duncan (19 January 2017). "The Anglosphere: new enthusiasm for an old dream". Prospect.
• Bellocchio, Luca (2006). Anglosfera. Forma e forza del nuovo Pan-Anglismo. Genova, Il Melangolo. ISBN 978-88-7018-601-7.
• Bennett, James C. (2004). "Dreaming Europe in a Wide-Awake World". The National Interest (78): 119–129. ISSN 0884-9382. JSTOR 42897514.
• Bennett, James C. (2004). The Anglosphere Challenge: Why the English-Speaking Nations Will Lead the Way in the Twenty-First Century. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0742533325.
• Bennett, James C. (2007). The Third Anglosphere Century: The English-Speaking World in an Era of Transition. The Heritage Foundation. ASIN 0891952772.
• Brown, Andrew (15 February 2003). "Scourge and poet". The Guardian.
• Conquest, Robert; Reply by Ignatieff, Michael (23 March 2000). "The 'Anglosphere'". The New York Review of Books. 47 (8). Retrieved 24 July 2007.
• Davies, Andrew; Dobell, Graeme; Jennings, Peter; Norgrove, Sarah; Smith, Andrew; Stuart, Nic; White, Hugh (2013). Keep calm and carry on: Reflections on the Anglosphere (Report). Australian Strategic Policy Institute.
• Hannan, Daniel (2 March 2014). "The Anglosphere is alive and well, but I wonder whether it needs a better name". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
• Kenny, Michael; Pearce, Nick (2015). "The rise of the Anglosphere: how the right dreamed up a new conservative world order". New Statesman. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
• Kenny, Michael; Pearce, Nick (2018). Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics. Polity. ISBN 978-1-509-51660-5.
• Legrand, Tim (1 December 2015). "Transgovernmental Policy Networks in the Anglosphere". Public Administration. 93 (4): 973–991. doi:10.1111/padm.12198.
• Legrand, Tim (22 June 2016). "Elite, exclusive and elusive: transgovernmental policy networks and iterative policy transfer in the Anglosphere". Policy Studies. 37 (5): 440–455. doi:10.1080/01442872.2016.1188912. S2CID 156577293.
• Lloyd, John (2000). "The Anglosphere Project". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 13 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
• Parulekar, Shashi; Kotkin, Joel (2012). "The State of the Anglosphere". City Journal.
• Pomerantsev, Peter (13 July 2016). "The idealistic pull of the 'Anglosphere'". Politico Europe.
• Reynolds, Glenn (28 October 2004). "Explaining the 'Anglosphere'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
• Roberts, Andrew (2006). A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0297850762.
• Robertson, Peter E. (2022). "The Real Military Balance: International Comparisons of Defense Spending". Review of Income and Wealth. 68 (3): 797–818. doi:10.1111/roiw.12536. ISSN 1475-4991. S2CID 240601701. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
• Vucetic, Srdjan (2011). The Anglosphere: A Genealogy of a Racialized Identity in International Relations. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7224-2.
• Wellings, Ben; Baxendale, Helen (10 December 2015). "The power of the Anglosphere in Eurosceptical thought". Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
• Wellings, Ben (2017). "The Anglosphere in the Brexit Referendum". Revue française de civilisation britannique. XXII (2). doi:10.4000/rfcb.1354.

Look up Anglosphere in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• James C. Bennett (2002) An Anglosphere Primer, presented to the Foreign Policy Research Institute
• BBC Radio 4: Archive on 4 (2017-12-16): Return of the Anglosphere
• From Insularity to Exteriority: How the Anglosphere is Shaping Global Governance – Centre for International Policy Studies