British Cyprus

Cyprus
Κύπρος (Greek)
*Kıbrıs* (Turkish)
Cyprus Κύπρος (Greek); Kıbrıs (Turkish)
1878–1960
	Flag; (1922–1960) Badge; (1905–1960)
	Cyprus in the 1930s, with Cyprus in dark green and the United Kingdom in dark grey
Status	British protectorate (1878–1914); British military administration; (1914–1925); British Crown colony (1925–1960);
Capital	Nicosia
Official languages	English
Common languages	Greek • Turkish
Religion	Greek Orthodox (Church of Cyprus); Anglican Church of Cyprus; Sunni and Shia Islam (Alevism, Naqshbandiyya);
Monarch
• 1878–1901 (first)	Victoria
• 1952–1960 (last)	Elizabeth II
Governor
• 1878–1879 (first)	Garnet Wolseley
• 1957–1960 (last)	Hugh Foot
Legislature	Legislative Council
History
• Cyprus Convention	4 June 1878
• Protectorate established	12 July 1878
• British annexation	5 November 1914
• Treaty of Lausanne	24 July 1923
• Crown colony of Cyprus	1 May 1925
• Enosis referendum	15 January 1950
• Cyprus Emergency	1 April 1955
• London & Zürich Agreements	19 February 1959
• Independence	16 August 1960
Area
1924	9,272 km2 (3,580 sq mi)
Population
• 1924	310,709
• 1955	529,972
• 1960	572,930
Currency	Ottoman lira (1878–79); Cypriot pound (from 1879);
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Ottoman Cyprus
Cyprus
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Today part of	Cyprus; Northern Cyprus; Akrotiri and Dhekelia;

British Cyprus (Greek: Βρετανική Κύπρος; Turkish: Britanya Kıbrısı) was the island of Cyprus under the dominion of the British Empire, administered sequentially from 1878 to 1914 as a British protectorate, from 1914 to 1925 as a unilaterally annexed military occupation, and from 1925 to 1960 as a Crown colony. Following the London and Zürich Agreements of 19 February 1959, Cyprus became an independent republic on 16 August 1960.

History

Formation

Cyprus was a territory of the Ottoman Empire, lastly as part of the Vilayet of the Archipelago, since it was conquered from the Republic of Venice in 1570–71.

A British protectorate under nominal Ottoman suzerainty was established over Cyprus by the Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878, following the Russo-Turkish War, in exchange for British support of the Ottomans during the Congress of Berlin.^[3] Cyprus was then proclaimed a British protectorate and was informally integrated into the British Empire. This remained in place until 5 November 1914, when after the Ottomans joined the Central Powers, in turn entering World War I, Britain declared the complete annexation of Cyprus into the British Empire, albeit under a military administration status. The Crown Colony of Cyprus was proclaimed a decade later, in 1925, after Britain's annexation of Cyprus was verified twice, firstly in the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, which was never implemented, and then confirmed again in the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.^[4]

Proposed union with Greece

King Paul of Greece declared that Cyprus desired union with Greece in 1948. A referendum was presented by the Orthodox Church of Cyprus in 1950, according to which around 97% of the Greek Cypriot population wanted the union. The Greek petition and enosis became an international issue when it was accepted by the United Nations.

Cyprus Emergency

The Cyprus Emergency was a military action that took place in Cyprus from 1955 to 1959. The Cyprus Emergency primarily consisted of a campaign by the Greek Cypriot military group EOKA to remove the British from Cyprus so it could be unified with Greece.

Independence

Signed on 19 February 1959, the London and Zurich Agreements started the process for the constitution of an independent Cyprus. The United Kingdom granted independence to Cyprus on 16 August 1960 and formed the Republic of Cyprus. Archbishop Makarios III, a charismatic religious and political leader, was elected as the first president of independent Cyprus. As part of the independence agreement, the United Kingdom retained possession of the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia as a British Overseas Territory.

In March 1961 at the 1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference, Cyprus became an independent republic in the Commonwealth of Nations, and Archbishop Makarios III became both a Commonwealth head of state and a Commonwealth head of government.

In 1961, the Republic of Cyprus became the 99th member of the United Nations.

Notable residents

Fred Harrison (born 1944), British author and economist

Notes

^ as High Commissioner

References

^ ^a ^b "The British Empire in 1924". The British Empire. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Cyprus Population". Worldometers. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
^ Eric Solsten, ed. Cyprus: A country study (1991).
^ Xypolia, Ilia (2017). British Imperialism and Turkish Nationalism in Cyprus, 1923-1939 Divide, Define and Rule. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781138221291.