Orang Adighe

Adighe
Jumlah populasi
ca 4–8 juta
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
 TurkiSekitar 1.000.000[1] – 2.000.000[2][3] – 3.000.000[4] – 5,000,000[2][5] to 7,000,000[6]
 Rusia720.000 (Sensus 2010)[7]
 Yordania65.000[8] – 180.000
 Suriah80.000[8][9][10] – 120.000[11]
 Jerman40.000[8][12]
 Irak34.000
 Amerika Serikat9.000[8] – 25.000
 Arab Saudi23.000
 Mesir12.000
 Israel4.000[13][14] – 5,000[15]
 Serbia2.800
 Uzbekistan1.600
 Ukraina1.100
 Bulgaria600 (sensus 1994)[16]
 Belanda500[17]
Bahasa
Adighe, juga menuturkan bahasa Turki, Rusia, Inggris, Arab, Ibrani, Jerman, Persia
Agama
Mayoritas Muslim
Minoritas Kristen Ortodoks dan Katolik serta neopaganisme Kaukasus
Kelompok etnik terkait
Abazgi (Abkhaz, Abazin)

Etnis Adighe (bahasa Adighe: Адыгэхэр, Adygekher; bahasa Rusia: Ады́ги, Adygi; bahasa Turki: Adige) adalah kelompok etnis Kaukasus Barat Laut[18] yang berasal dari kawasan Sirkasia. Banyak di antara mereka yang terusir selama penaklukan Kaukasus oleh Rusia pada abad ke-19, khususnya setelah terjadinya Perang Rusia-Adighe pada tahun 1864. Berdasarkan makna yang paling sempit, istilah "Adighe" mencakup dua belas suku Adighe, yaitu Abdzakh, Bzhedug, Hatuqwai, Mamkhegh, Natukhaj, Shapsug, Temirgoy, Yegeruqwai, Hakuchi dan Zhaney,[19] masing-masing diwakilkan oleh sebuah bintang di bendera Adighe. Pada masa Uni Soviet, orang-orang Adighe dibagi menjadi empat, yaitu orang Adigea (Adighe di Adigea), Cherkessia (Adighe di Karachay-Cherkessia), Kabardia (Adighe di Kabardino-Balkaria), dan Shapsugia (Adighe di Krai Krasnodar).

Sebagian besar orang Adighe menganut agama Islam Sunni.[20] Bahasa tradisional mereka adalah bahasa Sirkasia yang merupakan bagian dari rumpun bahasa Kaukasus Barat Laut dengan tiga dialek utama dan berbagai sub-dialek lainnya. Banyak orang Adighe yang juga menguasai bahasa Turki, Rusia, Inggris, Arab dan Ibrani karena banyak di antara mereka yang pernah terusir ke wilayah Kesultanan Utsmaniyah.[21] Sekitar 800.000 orang Adighe masih tersisa di wilayah Sirkasia (kini merupakan bagian dari Republik Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia serta Krai Krasnodar dan bagian barat daya Krai Stavropol dan Oblast Rostov). Sensus Rusia 2010 mencatat bahwa terdapat 718.727 orang Adighe, dengan 516.826 di antaranya adalah orang Kabardia, 124.835 adalah orang Adigea, 73.184 adalah orang Cherkess dan 3.882 adalah orang Shapsug.[7]

Organisasi Bangsa dan Rakyat yang Tidak Terwakili memperkirakan pada awal tahun 1990-an bahwa terdapat sekitar 3,7 juta diaspora "etnis Adighe" di lebih dari 50 negara[22] di luar republik-republik Sirkasia di Rusia, dengan 2 juta di antaranya berada di Turki,[22] 300.000 di Levant dan Mesopotamia, serta 50.000 di Eropa Barat dan Amerika Serikat.

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Dalby, Andrew (2015). Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages. Bloomsbury Publishing. hlm. 136. ISBN 978-1408102145. 
  2. ^ a b Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. hlm. 130. ISBN 978-0813560694. 
  3. ^ Danver, Steven L. (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. hlm. 528. ISBN 978-1317464006. 
  4. ^ Zhemukhov, Sufian (2008). "Circassian World Responses to the New Challenges" (PDF). PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 54: 2. Diakses tanggal 8 May 2016. 
  5. ^ Alankuş, Sevda (1999). Taymaz, Erol, ed. Kültürel-Etnik Kimlikler ve Çerkesler. Ankara, Turkey: Kafder Yayınları. 
  6. ^ Alankuş, Sevda; Taymaz, Erol (2009). "The Formation of a Circassian Diaspora in Turkey". Adyghe (Cherkess) in the 19th Century: Problems of War and Peace. Adygea, Russia: Maikop State Technology University. hlm. 2. Diakses tanggal 4 May 2016. Today, the largest communities of Circassians, about 5–7 million, live in Turkey, and about 200,000 Circassians live in the Middle Eastern countries (Jordan, Syria, Egypt, and Israel). The 1960s and 1970s witnessed a new wave of migration from diaspora countries to Europe and the United States. It is estimated that there are now more than 100,000 Circassian living in the European Union countries. The community in Kosovo expatriated to Adygea after the war in 1998. 
  7. ^ a b Всероссийская перепись населения 2010: Национальньый состав населения Российской Федерации: Численность лиц, указавших соответствующую национальную принадлежность [All-Russian Population Census 2010: National composition of the population of the Russian Federation: Number of persons who indicated their ethnicity] (dalam bahasa Rusia). Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (XLS) tanggal 24 April 2012. 
  8. ^ a b c d Zhemukhov, Sufian (2008). "Circassian World Responses to the New Challenges" (PDF). PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 54: 2. Diakses tanggal 8 May 2016. 
  9. ^ "Syrian Circassians returning to Russia's Caucasus region". TRTWorld. TRTWorld and agencies. 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1 June 2016. Diakses tanggal 8 May 2016. Currently, approximately 80,000 ethnic Circassians live in Syria after their ancestors were forced out of the northern Caucasus by Russians between 1863 and 1867. 
  10. ^ "The Russian Presidential Council for Civil Society and Human Rights calls for the hosting of Syrian refugees in Russia". Sputniknews. 2015. Diakses tanggal 8 May 2016. 
  11. ^ "single | The Jamestown Foundation". Jamestown.org. 7 May 2013. Diakses tanggal 20 August 2013. 
  12. ^ Lopes, Tiago André Ferreira. "The Offspring of the Arab Spring" (PDF). Strategic Outlook. Observatory for Human Security (OSH). Diakses tanggal 16 June 2013. 
  13. ^ Besleney, Zeynel Abidin (2014). The Circassian Diaspora in Turkey: A Political History. Routledge. hlm. 96. ISBN 978-1317910046. 
  14. ^ Torstrick, Rebecca L. (2004). Culture and Customs of Israel. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 46. ISBN 978-0313320910. 
  15. ^ Louër, Laurence (2007). To be an Arab in Israel. Columbia University Press. hlm. 20. ISBN 978-0231140683. 
  16. ^ Prepared by Antoniy Galabov National Report Bulgaria hlm. 20. Council of Europe.
  17. ^ Zhemukhov, Sufian, Circassian World: Responses to the New Challenges, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 October 2009 
  18. ^ One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups, Questia Online Library, 25 August 2010, hlm. 12 
  19. ^ Gammer, Mos%u030Ce (2004), The Caspian Region: a Re-emerging Region, London: Routledge, hlm. 67 
  20. ^ "Главная страница проекта 'Арена' : Некоммерческая Исследовательская Служба СРЕДА". Sreda.org. Diakses tanggal 20 August 2013. 
  21. ^ "International Circassian Association". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 26 April 2014. 
  22. ^ a b Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (1998). Mullen, Christopher A.; Ryan, J. Atticus, ed. Yearbook 1997. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. hlm. 67–69. ISBN 90-411-1022-4. 

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