Metafora

Metafora adalah pemakaian kata atau kelompok kata bukan dengan arti yang sebenarnya, melainkan sebagai lukisan yang berdasarkan persamaan atau perbandingan.^[1] Metafora adalah majas yang mengungkapkan sesuatu secara langsung berupa perbandingan analogis dengan menghilangkan kata seperti layaknya, bagaikan, dan lain-lain.^[2] Beberapa pakar menganggap metafora sebagai “ratunya” majas, karena bila dilihat proses pembentukannya, banyak jenis majas lainnya yang dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam jenis majas ini.^[3]

Penggunaan majas ini dapat dilihat pada kalimat berikut ini:^[4]

Dia dianggap, anak emas majikannya

Makna dari "anak emas" pada majas tersebut adalah kata Dia dalam kalimat tersebut yang berarti seseorang yang sangat disayang oleh majikannya.

• Stefano Arduini (2007). (ed.) Metaphors, Roma, Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.
• Aristoteles. Poetics. Trans. I. Bywater. In The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. (1984). 2 Vols. Ed. Jonathan Barnes. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
• Max Black (1954). Metaphor, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 55, pp. 273–294.
• Max Black (1962). Models and metaphors: Studies in language and philosophy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Max Black (1979). More about Metaphor, in A. Ortony (ed) Metaphor & Thought.
• Clive Cazeaux (2007). Metaphor and Continental Philosophy: From Kant to Derrida. New York: Routledge.
• L. J. Cohen (1979). The Semantics of Metaphor, in A. Ortony (ed), Metaphor & Thought
• Donald Davidson. (1978). "What Metaphors Mean." Reprinted in Inquiries Into Truth and Interpretation. (1984), Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Jacques Derrida (1982). "White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy." In Margins of Philosophy. Trans. Alan Bass. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
• René Dirvens; Ralf Pörings, ed. (2002). Metaphor and Metonymy in Contrast. Berlin.: Mouton de Gruyter. 
• Fass, Dan (1988). "Metonymy and metaphor: what's the difference?". Proceedings of the 12th conference on Computational linguistics. 1. hlm. 177–81. doi:10.3115/991635.991671. ISBN 978-963-8431-56-1. 
• Jakobson, Roman (1990). "Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances". Dalam Linda Waugh; Monique Monville-Burston. On Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. hlm. 115–133. ISBN 978-0-674-63536-4. 
• Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By (IL: University of Chicago Press, 1980), Chapters 1–3. (pp. 3–13).
• Lakoff, George (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-46801-3. .
• Low, Graham (1999-02-11). "An Essay is a Person". Dalam Cameron, Lynne; Low, Graham. Researching and Applying Metaphor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 221–48. ISBN 978-0-521-64964-3. 
• Peters, Wim (2003). "Metonymy as a cross-lingual phenomenon". Proceedings of the ACL 2003 workshop on Lexicon and figurative language. 14. hlm. 1–9. doi:10.3115/1118975.1118976. 
• McKinnon, AM. (2012). 'Metaphors in and for the Sociology of Religion: Towards a Theory after Nietzsche'. Journal of Contemporary Religion, vol 27, no. 2, pp. 203–216. [1]
• David Punter (2007). Metaphor, London, Routledge.
• Paul Ricoeur (1975). The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies in the Creation of Meaning in Language, trans. Robert Czerny with Kathleen McLaughlin and John Costello, S. J., London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1978. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1977)
• I. A. Richards. (1936). The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• John Searle (1979). "Metaphor," in A. Ortony (ed.) Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge University Press.
• Underhill, James W., Creating Worldviews: Metaphor, Ideology & Language, Edinburgh UP, 2011.
• Herscberger, Ruth (Summer 1943). "The Structure of Metaphor". The Kenyan Review. 5 (3): 433–443. JSTOR 4332426. 
• Rudmin, Floyd W. (1991). "Having: A Brief History of Metaphor and Meaning". Syracuse Law Review. 42: 163. Diakses tanggal 11 October 2013. 
• Somov, Georgij Yu (2013). "The interrelation of metaphors and metonymies in sign systems of visual art: An example analysis of works by V. I. Surikov". Semiotica. 2013 (193): 31–66. doi:10.1515/sem-2013-0003. 

Lihat entri metaphor di kamus bebas Wiktionary.

Wikiquote memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: Metaphors.

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Metaphors.

• History of metaphor di In Our Time di BBC. (listen now)
• A short history of metaphor
• Audio illustrations of metaphor as figure of speech
• Top Ten Metaphors of 2008
• Shakespeare's Metaphors
• Definition and Examples
• Metaphor Examples (categorized)
• List of ancient Greek words starting with μετα-, on Perseus
• Metaphor and Phenomenology article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Metaphors algebra Diarsipkan 2014-08-19 di Wayback Machine.
• Pérez-Sobrino, Paula (2014). "Meaning construction in verbomusical environments: Conceptual disintegration and metonymy" (PDF). Journal of Pragmatics. 70: 130–151. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2014.06.008.