Ikan halusinogenik

Mengonsumsi ikan mimpi (Sarpa salpa) dapat mengakibatkan halusinasi yang berlangsung selama beberapa hari.

Beberapa spesies ikan diklaim dapat menghasilkan efek halusinogen jika dikonsumsi. Misalnya Sarpa salpa, spesies ikan dari famili Sparidae, yang banyak diklaim mengandung zat halusinogen.[1][2] Ikan pesisir yang tersebar luas ini biasanya ditemukan di Mediterania, Spanyol, serta di sepanjang pantai barat dan selatan Afrika.[3][4] Kadang-kadang ikan ini juga ditemukan di perairan Inggris.[5] Spesies ikan ini dapat menyebabkan efek halusinogen yang mirip dengan LSD jika dimakan.[6] Namun, berdasarkan laporan pemaparan, efeknya mungkin lebih menyerupai halusinogen delirian daripada efek psikedelik serotonergik seperti LSD. Pada tahun 2006, dua orang pria yang memakan ikan ini mengalami halusinasi selama beberapa hari (efek yang umum terjadi pada paparan zat delirian alami).[7][8] Kemungkinan munculnya halusinasi setelah mengkonsumsi ikan ini tergantung pada musim.[9][10] Sarpa salpa dikenal sebagai "ikan pembawa mimpi" dalam bahasa Arab.[7]

Spesies lain yang diklaim mampu menghasilkan efek halusinasi termasuk beberapa spesies ikan sea chub [en] dari genus Kyphosus.[7] Tidak jelas apakah toksin yang menyebabkan halusinasi diproduksi oleh ikan itu sendiri atau oleh alga laut yang menjadi makanan mereka. Ikan halusinogen lainnya adalah Siganus spinus,[11][12] disebut "ikan pembuat mabuk" di Pulau Reunion, dan Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (sebelumnya dinamai Mulloidichthys samoensis),[13][14] yang sering disebut ikan "kepala hantu" di Hawaii.[15]

Pemicu halusinasi

Beberapa ikan mungkin mengadung halusinogen setelah memakan Caulerpa prolifera, spesies alga hijau yang membentuk lapisan padat di daerah berpasir dangkal.
Zat halusinogen kemungkinan juga berasal dari ikan yang memakan Posidonia oceanica, lamun yang hidup di padang rumput sepanjang pantai Mediterania.

Zat aktif yang menyebabkan halusinasi dan asal mula agen ini masih belum jelas. Beberapa peneliti berpendapat bahwa zat penyebab halusinasi berasal dari racun makroalga yang terakumulasi di dalam daging ikan. Racun dari ganggang hijau Caulerpa prolifera di Laut Mediterania tampaknya juga bisa menyebabkan halusinasi,[16] misalnya seperti lamun Posidonia oceanica.[9] Ketika herbivora memakan daun lamun, mereka menelan alga epifit dan racun dinoflagellata yang hidup di daun rumput laut.[17] Antropolog Jerman Christian Rätsch berpendapat bahwa ikan mimpi mungkin mengandung halusinogen DMT.[18]

Daftar spesies

Spesies ikan yang dilaporkan mengandung zat halusinogen
Makanan Familia Gambar Spesies Nama umum (Inggris) Panjang maksimum Lokasi dilaporkan[7] Catatan Sumber lain
Herbivora Pomacentridae Abudefduf septemfasciatus Banded sergeant
23 cm
 Pulau Gilbert[19] [20][21]
Siganidae Siganus argenteus Streamlined spinefoot
40 cm
 Mauritius[22] [23][24]
Siganus corallinus Blue-spotted spinefoot
35 cm
 Mauritius[22] [25][26]
Siganus luridus Dusky spinefoot
30 cm
 Israel[27][28] [29][30]
Siganus rivulatus Marbled spinefoot
27 cm
 Mauritius[22]
Israel (diduga)[31] 		[32][33]
Siganus spinus Little spinefoot
28 cm
 Pulau Réunion[34] [11][12]
Sparidae Sarpa salpa Salema
51 cm
 Tunisia[35]
Prancis[36]
Israel[31][37] 		[3][4]
Kyphosidae Kyphosus cinerascens Blue sea chub
50 cm
 Hawaii[38] [39][40]
Kyphosus vaigiensis Brassy chub
70 cm
 Hawaii[38] [41][42]
Kyphosus bigibbus Brown chub
75 cm
 Pulau Norfolk[43] Disebut juga Kyphosus fuscus [44][45]
Acanthuridae Acanthurus triostegus Convict surgeonfish
27 cm
 Hawaii[38] [46][47]
Omnivora Mullidae Mulloidichthys flavolineatus Yellowstripe goatfish
43 cm
 Hawaii[48][49][50] Disebut juga Mulloidichthys samoensis.[51]
Disebut "ikan kepala hantu" di Hawaii[15][52] 		[13][14]
Upeneus taeniopterus Finstripe goatfish
33 cm
 Hawaii[48][49][50] Disebut juga Upeneus arge [53][54]
Mugilidae Mugil cephalus Flathead grey mullet
100 cm
 Hawaii[48] [55][56]
Neomyxus leuciscus Acute-jawed mullet
46 cm
 Hawaii[48] Disebut juga Neomyxus chaptalli [57][58]
Karnivora Serranidae Epinephelus corallicola Coral grouper
49 cm
 Pulau Gilbert[19] [59][60]

Referensi

  1. ^ Orsolini, L., Ciccarese, M., Papanti, D., De Berardis, D., Guirguis, A., Corkery, J.M. and Schifano, F. (2018) "Psychedelic fauna for psychonaut hunters: a mini-review". Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9: 153. DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00153.
  2. ^ Jawad, Laith A. (2017) Dangerous Fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula, Chapter: Hallucinogenic fish, pages 177–185, Springer International. ISBN 9783319579269.
  3. ^ a b "Sarpa salpa". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  4. ^ a b Sarpa salpa: Salema porgy Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  5. ^ Fish that triggers hallucinations found off British coast The Telegraph, 13 May 2009.
  6. ^ 'Hallucination' fish netted in Channel The Guardian, 13 May 2009.
  7. ^ a b c d de Haro, L.; Pommier, P. (2006). "Hallucinatory fish poisoning (ichthyoallyeinotoxism): two case reports from the Western Mediterranean and literature review". Clinical Toxicology. 44 (2): 185–8. doi:10.1080/15563650500514590. PMID 16615678. 
  8. ^ Clarke, Matt (19 April 2006). "Men hallucinate after eating fish". Practical Fishkeeping. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 5 June 2011. Diakses tanggal 31 March 2010. 
  9. ^ a b Bellassoued K, A Hamza, A Abdelmouleh, FA Makni, JV Pelt and A Elfeki (2012) "Toxicity assessment of dreamfish Sarpa salpa from the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia, Eastern Mediterranean Sea)" Diarsipkan 2013-11-04 di Wayback Machine. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 10 (2): 1308–1313.
  10. ^ de Haro L, Jouglard DE, Thomas MJ and David JM (1994) "Intoxications de type ciguatera after eating the Sparidae in Mediterranean". In Boudoresque, CF, Meinsez A and Gravez V. (Eds) First International Workshop on Caulerpa taxifolia GIS Posidonie Publ., France, pp. 271–274. ISBN 9782905540195.
  11. ^ a b "Siganus spinus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  12. ^ a b Siganus spinus: Little spinefoot Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  13. ^ a b "Mulloides flavolineatus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  14. ^ a b Mulloides flavolineatus: Yellowstripe goatfish Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  15. ^ a b Thomas, Craig, M.D. and, Susan Scott (June 1, 1997). All Stings Considered: First Aid and Medical Treatment of Hawai'i's Marine Injuries. Hawaii: University of Hawai'i Press. hlm. 120. ISBN 9780824819002. 
  16. ^ de Haro, L., Prost, N., Arditti, J., David, J. M., & Jouglard, J. (1998) "Ichthyoallyeinotoxism: a rare pathology" Toxicon, 36 (12): 1738–1739.
  17. ^ Kitting CL, Fry B and Morgan MD (1984) "Detection of inconspicuous epiphytic algae supporting food webs in seagrass meadows" Oecologia, 62 :145–149.
  18. ^ Pickover, Clifford A (2005) [ Sex, Drugs, Einstein, and Elves] Chapter 1, page 9, Smart Publications. ISBN 9781890572174.
  19. ^ a b Cooper MJ (1964) "Ciguatera and other marine poisoning in the Gilbert Islands", Pacific Science, 18 (4): 411–440.
  20. ^ Abudefduf septemfasciatus: Sevenband Damselfish Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  21. ^ "Abudefduf septemfasciatus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  22. ^ a b c Halstead BW, Cox KM (1973) "An investigation on fish poisoning in Mauritius", Proc Roy Soc Arts Sci Mauritius, 4 (2): 1–26.
  23. ^ Siganus argenteus: Yellowspotted Spinefoot Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  24. ^ "Siganus argenteus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  25. ^ Siganus corallinus: Blue-spotted spinefoot Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  26. ^ "Siganus corallinus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  27. ^ Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B and Bentur Y (2002) "Rabbitfish ("Aras"). An unusual source of ciguatera poisoning" Israeli Medical Association Journal, 4: 28–30.
  28. ^ Herzberg A (1973) "Toxicity of Siganus luridus (Ruppell) on the Mediterranean Coast of Israël" Aquaculture, 2: 89–91.
  29. ^ Siganus luridus: Squaretail Rabbitfish Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  30. ^ "Siganus luridus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  31. ^ a b Spanier E, Finkelstein Y and Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B (1989) "Toxicity of the saupe, Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758), on the Mediterranean coast of Israel" Diarsipkan 2021-11-28 di Wayback Machine. Journal of Fish Biology, 34: 635–636. DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03342.x
  32. ^ Siganus rivulatus: Squaretail Rabbitfish Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  33. ^ "Siganus rivulatus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  34. ^ Lebeau A (1979) "La ciguatera dans l’Océan Indien: étude des poissons vénéneux des bancs de l’archipel des Mascareignes et de la crète centrale de l’Océan Indien Rev Trav Inst Pêches Marit, 42 (4): 325–345.
  35. ^ Chevaldonne P (1990) "Ciguatera and the saupe, Sarpa salpa (L.), in the Mediterranean: a possible misinterpretation" Journal of fish biology, 37: 503–504. DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05883.x
  36. ^ de Haro L, Treffot MJ, Jouglard J and Perringué C (1993) "Trois cas d'intoxication de type ciguatérique après ingestion de Sparidae de Méditerranée", Ictyophysiologica Acta, 16: 133–146.
  37. ^ Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B, Finkelstein Y, Spanier E (1988) "Ciguatera-like poisoning in the Mediterranean" Vet Hum Toxicol, 30 (6): 582–583.
  38. ^ a b c Helfrich P (1963) "Fish Poisoning in Hawaii Hawaii Medical Journal, 22 (5): 361–372.
  39. ^ Kyphosus cinerascens: Blue Seachub Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  40. ^ "Kyphosus cinerascens". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  41. ^ Kyphosus vaigiensis: Lowfinned Drummer Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  42. ^ "Kyphosus vaigiensis". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  43. ^ Roughly TC, Roberts BJ (1960) "Bounty descendant live on remote Norfolk Island" Diarsipkan 2016-04-24 di Wayback Machine. National Geographic Magazine, 116 (6): 575.
  44. ^ Kyphosus bigibbus: Striped Drummer Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  45. ^ "Kyphosus bigibbus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  46. ^ Acanthurus triostegus: Convict Tang Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  47. ^ "Acanthurus triostegus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  48. ^ a b c d Helfrich P, Banner A. (1960) "Hallucinatory mullet poisoning" Diarsipkan 2013-10-29 di Wayback Machine. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1: 86–89.
  49. ^ a b Jordan DS, Evermann BW and Tanaka S (1927) "Notes on new or rare fishes from Hawaii", Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 16 (20): 649–680.
  50. ^ a b Randall JE (1958) "A review of ciguatera, tropical fish poisoning, with tentative explanation of its cause", Bulletin of Marine Science Gulf Caribbean, 8 (3): 236–267.
  51. ^ "Mulloidichthys samoensis". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2009 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2009.
  52. ^ Titcomb, Margaret (1951) "Memoir: Native use of fish in Hawaii" Journal of the Polynesian Society, 60" 1–146.
  53. ^ Upeneus arge: Bandtail Goatfish Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  54. ^ "Upeneus taeniopterus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  55. ^ Mugil cephalus: Striped Mullet Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  56. ^ "Mugil cephalus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  57. ^ Neomyxus leuciscus: Brown Mullet Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  58. ^ "Neomyxus leuciscus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  59. ^ Epinephelus corallicola: Malabar Grouper Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  60. ^ "Epinephelus corallicola". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.

Pranala luar