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Bahasa Makedonia Kuno, juga disebut sebagai bahasa Helenik Makedonia,[a] adalah bahasa yang dituturkan oleh suku Makedonia Kuno pada milenium pertama SM dan tergolong ke dalam rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa. Bahasa ini mulai mengalami kemunduran pada abad ke-4 SM karena dipinggirkan oleh penggunaan bahasa Yunani Attika oleh kaum aristokrat Makedonia. Dialek Attika kemudian menjadi landasan bahasa Yunani Koine yang berperan sebagai basantara pada periode Helenistik.[6]
Prasasti-prasasti yang telah ditemukan di Makedonia menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada bahasa tertulis lain di Makedonia Kuno selain bahasa Yunani Kuno,[7][8] dan penemuan epigrafi terkini dari wilayah Makedonia di Yunani, seperti lauh kutukan Pella,[9][10][11] menunjukkan bahwa bahasa Makedonia Kuno mungkin merupakan ragam bahasa Yunani Kuno Barat Laut.[12] Bukti-bukti linguistik lainnya menunjukkan bahwa walaupun bahasa Yunani Kuno adalah bahasa sastra, bahasa yang dituturkan oleh rakyat merupakan bahasa yang terpisah dan memiliki hubungan yang erat dengan bahasa Yunani Kuno.[13][14]
Penggolongan
Bukti tertulis bahasa Makedonia Kuno yang sangat sedikit, beberapa ahli bahasa masih berbeda dalam menggolongkan bahasa ini.[15][16] Beberapa penggolongan bahasa Makedonia kuno yang disarankan meliputi:[17][18]
Sebuah saudara dari bahasa Yunani, menurut susunan di mana bahasa Makedonia dan Yunani dari subkelompok Yunani-Makedonia (disebut sebagai "Helenik");[15] dikemukakan oleh Georgiev (1966),[13] Joseph (2001)[15] dan Hamp (2013).[29]
^B. Joseph (2001): "Ancient Greek". In: J. Garry et al. (eds.) Facts about the World's Major Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present.
^Blažek, Václav (2005). "Paleo-Balkanian Languages I: Hellenic Languages"
^Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (7 July 2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 94. ISBN978-1-4443-5163-7. Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later on koine Greek.
^Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.289
^ abCrespo, Emilio (2017). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". Dalam Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 329. ISBN978-3-11-053081-0.
^Hornblower, Simon (2002). "Macedon, Thessaly and Boiotia". The Greek World, 479-323 BC (edisi ke-Third). Routledge. hlm. 90. ISBN0-415-16326-9.
^Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008, hlm.289
^ abVladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review44:103:285-297 (July 1966) "Ancient Macedonian is closely related to Greek, and Macedonian and Greek are descended from a common Greek-Macedonian idiom that was spoken till about the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. From the 4th century BC on began the Hellenization of ancient Macedonian."
^Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239.
^ abcJoseph, Brian D. (2001). "Ancient Greek". Dalam Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl; Bodomo, Adams B.; Faber, Alice; French, Robert. Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present (dalam bahasa Inggris). H. W. Wilson Company. hlm. 256. ISBN9780824209704. Family: Ancient Greek is generally taken to be the only representative (though note the existence of different dialects) of the Greek or Hellenic branch of Indo-European. There is some dispute as to whether Ancient Macedonian (the native language of Philip and Alexander), if it has any special affinity to Greek at all, is a dialect within Greek (...) or a sibling language to all of the known Ancient Greek dialects. If the latter view is correct, then Macedonian and Greek would be the two subbranches of a group within Indo-European which could more properly be called Hellenic. Related Languages: As noted above, Ancient Macedonian might be the language most closely related to Greek, perhaps even a dialect of Greek. The slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible; but most likely, Ancient Macedonian was not simply an Ancient Greek dialect on a par with Attic or Aeolic (...).
^J. P. Mallory & D.Q Adams – Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, Chicago-London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 361. ISBN1-884964-98-2
^Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,on Google books
^Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95:"This (i.e. Pella curse tablet) has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect".
^Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). "Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)". Dalam Giannakis, Georgios K. Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture. Centre for Greek Language. hlm. 145. ISBN978-960-7779-52-6.
^Babiniotis, Georgios (2014). "Ancient Macedonian: A case study". Macedonian Studies Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). Australia. 1 (1): 7. On all levels (phonological, grammatical and lexical) common structural features of Macedonian and Doric lead us to classify Macedonian within the Doric, especially the Northwestern group of Doric dialects.
