2019冠狀病毒病藥物研發

2019冠狀病毒病藥物研發是指人們开发2019冠狀病毒病處方藥的过程,目的是治療2019冠狀病毒病的患者,減輕患者痛苦。從2020年初到2021年,几百家製藥公司生物技術公司、大學研究小組、和衛生組織在臨床前或臨床研究的各個階段開發COVID-19疾病的候選治療藥物(2021年4月共有506個候選藥物),截至2021年4月 ,有419個候選藥物正在進行臨床試驗[1]

早在2020年3月,世界衛生組織 (WHO)[2]歐洲藥品管理局 (EMA)[3]美國食品藥品監督管理局 (FDA)[4] 、 以及中國政府和藥品製造商[5][6] 正在與學術和行業研究人員協調,以加快疫苗、抗病毒藥物、和感染後療法的開發[7][8][9][10]世界衛生組織國際臨床試驗註冊平台英语International Clinical Trials Registry Platform(ICTRP)已经記錄了536項臨床研究,以開發針對 COVID-19 感染的感染後療法[11][12], 許多已確定的抗病毒化合物用於治療臨床研究中的其他感染,將被重新利用英语COVID-19 drug repurposing research[7][13][14][15]

2019冠状病毒病药物研发的方式主要有两种:一种是药物再利用研究英语COVID-19 drug repurposing research,即考察已被批准用于治疗其他疾病的药物,研究是否可用于治疗2019冠状病毒病。通过这一途径开发的比较有代表性的药物有瑞德西韦地塞米松。另一策略是针对新冠病毒感染机制及感染后症状开发全新的新药。用这种方法已经开发出的新药,包括Paxlovid莫納皮拉韋沙利姆單抗英语SotrovimabBebtelovimab英语BebtelovimabEvusheld抗体组合英语Tixagevimab/cilgavimab

目前经由临床试验证明有较明确疗效的新冠药物,主要分两大类:一类是以沙利姆单抗、Bebtelovimab、Evusheld等为代表,通过生物技术开发出的抗体类生物大分子药物;另一类为小分子药物,如地塞米松、帕克斯洛維德及莫納皮拉韋。

藥物開發是一個多步驟的過程,通常需要五年以上的時間才能確保新化合物的安全性和有效性[16] 。 一些國家監管機構,如歐洲藥品管理局 (EMA)和美國食品藥品監督管理局 (FDA),批准了加快臨床試驗的程序[4][17]。 到2021年6月,數十種潛在的感染後療法已進入人體試驗的最後階段 – III-IV 期臨床試驗[18]。根據最近的杰富瑞集團有限公司估計,一種有效、方便的COVID-19治療方法的年銷售額可能超過$100億美元[19]

參見

参考文献

  1. ^ COVID-19 vaccine and therapeutics tracker. BioRender. 5 April 2021 [21 June 2021]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-03). 
  2. ^ Kupferschmidt K, Cohen J. WHO launches global megatrial of the four most promising coronavirus treatments. Science Magazine. 22 March 2020 [27 March 2020]. S2CID 216325781. doi:10.1126/science.abb8497. (原始内容存档于14 September 2020). 
  3. ^ First regulatory workshop on COVID-19 facilitates global collaboration on vaccine development. European Medicines Agency. 18 March 2020 [21 March 2020]. (原始内容存档于20 March 2020). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Continues to Facilitate Development of Treatments (新闻稿). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 19 March 2020 [21 March 2020]. (原始内容存档于20 March 2020). 
  5. ^ China approves first anti-viral drug against coronavirus Covid-19. Clinical Trials Arena. 18 February 2020 [21 March 2020]. (原始内容存档于21 March 2020). 
  6. ^ Chinese Vaccine Approved for Human Testing at Virus Epicenter. Bloomberg News. 19 March 2020 [21 March 2020]. (原始内容存档于21 March 2020). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Dhama K, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Dadar M, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W. COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. June 2020, 16 (6): 1232–1238. PMC 7103671可免费查阅. PMID 32186952. doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1735227可免费查阅. 
  8. ^ Zhang L, Liu Y. Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Virology. May 2020, 92 (5): 479–490. PMC 7166986可免费查阅. PMID 32052466. doi:10.1002/jmv.25707可免费查阅. 
  9. ^ Fox M. Drug makers are racing to develop immune therapies for Covid-19. Will they be ready in time?. Stat. 19 March 2020 [21 March 2020]. (原始内容存档于22 March 2020). 
  10. ^ Chan M. Chinese military scientists ordered to win global race to develop coronavirus vaccine. South China Morning Post. 19 March 2020 [22 March 2020]. (原始内容存档于22 March 2020). 
  11. ^ COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition. Global coalition to accelerate COVID-19 clinical research in resource-limited settings. Lancet. April 2020, 395 (10233): 1322–1325. PMC 7270833可免费查阅. PMID 32247324. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30798-4可免费查阅. 
  12. ^ Maguire BJ, Guérin PJ. A living systematic review protocol for COVID-19 clinical trial registrations. Wellcome Open Research. 2 April 2020, 5: 60. PMC 7141164可免费查阅. PMID 32292826. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15821.1可免费查阅. 
  13. ^ Li G, De Clercq E. Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. March 2020, 19 (3): 149–150. PMID 32127666. doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0可免费查阅. 
  14. ^ Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics. 29 February 2020, 14 (1): 58–60 [21 March 2020]. PMID 32147628. doi:10.5582/ddt.2020.01012可免费查阅. (原始内容存档于20 March 2020). 
  15. ^ Harrison C. Coronavirus puts drug repurposing on the fast track. Nature Biotechnology. April 2020, 38 (4): 379–381. PMID 32205870. doi:10.1038/d41587-020-00003-1可免费查阅. 
  16. ^ The Drug Development Process. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 4 January 2018 [21 March 2020]. (原始内容存档于22 February 2020). 
  17. ^ Call to pool research resources into large multi-centre, multi-arm clinical trials to generate sound evidence on COVID-19 treatments. European Medicines Agency. 19 March 2020 [21 March 2020]. (原始内容存档于21 March 2020). 
  18. ^ COVID-19 vaccine and treatments tracker (Choose vaccines or treatments tab, apply filters to view select data). Milken Institute. 21 June 2021 [11 June 2021]. (原始内容存档于24 June 2021). 
  19. ^ Beasley, Deena. COVID-19 pill developers aim to top Merck, Pfizer efforts. Reuters (Reuters). 28 September 2021 [4 October 2021]. (原始内容存档于4 October 2021) (英语).