^ 1.01.1Ax, P. Die Gnathostomulida, eine rätselhafte Wurmgruppe aus dem Meeressand. Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. U. Lit. Mainz, Math. - Naturwiss. 1956, 8: 1–32.
^ 3.03.13.23.3Barnes, Robert D. Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. 1982: 311–312. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
^Ruppert, Edward E., Fox, Richard S., Barnes, Robert D. (2004) Invertebrate Zoology (7th edition). Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning, Belmont, US
^Knauss, Elizabeth. Indication of an Anal Pore in Gnathostomulida. Zoologica Scripta. December 1979, 8 (1–4): 181–6. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1979.tb00630.x.
^Barnes, R.F.K. et al. (2001). The Invertebrates: A Synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
^Cited in chapter 2 , p192 of Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa'a 2015 Gastrotricha and Gnathifera, VOl 3 of Gast---, Cycloneuralia and Gnath---.