藥物設計(英語:Drug design),常稱理性藥物設計(Rational drug design),是根據生物靶点(Biological target)的現有知識尋找與發现新型藥物的過程[1]。最常见的药物类型如有机小分子药物,可激活或抑制蛋白质等生物分子功能,进而为患者在治疗中获益。药物设计可狭义地定义为药物分子设计,这些药物分子的形状和原子所带电荷与生物分子靶标存在互补关系,即“锁钥模型”(Lock and key model),因此药物分子会与生物靶标存在结合力。使用電腦分子建構技術進行藥物設計可稱為计算机輔助藥物設計(Computer-aided drug design,CADD)。根據對於生物目標的化學結構來進行設計,稱為結構藥物設計(Structure-based drug design)[2]。除了小分子之外,现今包括多肽与單克隆抗體治療在内的众多生物治療方式,在制药领域变得越发重要。与此同时,各种提高药物亲和力、选择性和稳定性的算法在基于蛋白质治疗的领域中也持续发展[3]。
基于配体的药物设计(或间接药物设计)基于与已知生物靶标与确定分子结合的数据。这些分子可用于推测药效团模型,即分子中可结合靶标中最小且必要的结构片段[32]。同样的,构建生物靶标模型可基于与其结合的分子,同时该建模反之可用于设计与靶标相互作用的新化学实体(New chemical entity,NCE)。又或者,该建模还可归纳量化结构-活性关系(QSAR),即通过计算分子性质与实验测定的生物活性之间的关联度。这些QSAR关系还可继续通过计算机模拟迭代,以预测新的候选类似物的生物活性[33]。
^Madsen U, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T. Textbook of Drug Design and Discovery. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. 2002. ISBN 0-415-28288-8.
^Reynolds CH, Merz KM, Ringe D (编). Drug Design: Structure- and Ligand-Based Approaches 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2010.
^Shirai H, Prades C, Vita R, Marcatili P, Popovic B, Xu J, Overington JP, Hirayama K, Soga S, Tsunoyama K, Clark D, Lefranc MP, Ikeda K. Antibody informatics for drug discovery. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Nov 2014, 1844 (11): 2002–2015. PMID 25110827. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.07.006.
^Tollenaere JP. The role of structure-based ligand design and molecular modelling in drug discovery. Pharmacy World & Science. Apr 1996, 18 (2): 56–62. PMID 8739258. S2CID 21550508. doi:10.1007/BF00579706.
^Waring MJ, Arrowsmith J, Leach AR, Leeson PD, Mandrell S, Owen RM, Pairaudeau G, Pennie WD, Pickett SD, Wang J, Wallace O, Weir A. An analysis of the attrition of drug candidates from four major pharmaceutical companies. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2015, 14 (7): 475–86. PMID 26091267. S2CID 25292436. doi:10.1038/nrd4609.
^Yu H, Adedoyin A. ADME-Tox in drug discovery: integration of experimental and computational technologies. Drug Discovery Today. Sep 2003, 8 (18): 852–61. PMID 12963322. doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02828-9.
^Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A. Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. Oct 2006, 5 (10): 821–34. PMID 17016423. S2CID 8872470. doi:10.1038/nrd2132.
^Scomparin A, Polyak D, Krivitsky A, Satchi-Fainaro R. Achieving successful delivery of oligonucleotides - From physico-chemical characterization to in vivo evaluation. Biotechnology Advances. Apr 2015, 33 (6): 1294–309. PMID 25916823. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.008.
^Ganellin CR, Jefferis R, Roberts SM. The small molecule drug discovery process — from target selection to candidate selection. Elsevier. 2013. ISBN 9780123971760.
^Yuan Y, Pei J, Lai L. Binding site detection and druggability prediction of protein targets for structure-based drug design. Current Pharmaceutical Design. Dec 2013, 19 (12): 2326–33. PMID 23082974. doi:10.2174/1381612811319120019.
^Rajamani R, Good AC. Ranking poses in structure-based lead discovery and optimization: current trends in scoring function development. Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development. May 2007, 10 (3): 308–15. PMID 17554857.
^de Azevedo WF, Dias R. Computational methods for calculation of ligand-binding affinity. Current Drug Targets. Dec 2008, 9 (12): 1031–9. PMID 19128212. doi:10.2174/138945008786949405.
^Singh J, Chuaqui CE, Boriack-Sjodin PA, Lee WC, Pontz T, Corbley MJ, Cheung HK, Arduini RM, Mead JN, Newman MN, Papadatos JL, Bowes S, Josiah S, Ling LE. Successful shape-based virtual screening: the discovery of a potent inhibitor of the type I TGFbeta receptor kinase (TbetaRI). Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. Dec 2003, 13 (24): 4355–9. PMID 14643325. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.09.028.
^Becker OM, Dhanoa DS, Marantz Y, Chen D, Shacham S, Cheruku S, Heifetz A, Mohanty P, Fichman M, Sharadendu A, Nudelman R, Kauffman M, Noiman S. An integrated in silico 3D model-driven discovery of a novel, potent, and selective amidosulfonamide 5-HT1A agonist (PRX-00023) for the treatment of anxiety and depression. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Jun 2006, 49 (11): 3116–35. PMID 16722631. doi:10.1021/jm0508641.
^Oda A, Tsuchida K, Takakura T, Yamaotsu N, Hirono S. Comparison of consensus scoring strategies for evaluating computational models of protein-ligand complexes. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 2006, 46 (1): 380–91. PMID 16426072. doi:10.1021/ci050283k.
^Deng Z, Chuaqui C, Singh J. Structural interaction fingerprint (SIFt): a novel method for analyzing three-dimensional protein-ligand binding interactions. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Jan 2004, 47 (2): 337–44. PMID 14711306. doi:10.1021/jm030331x.
^Amari S, Aizawa M, Zhang J, Fukuzawa K, Mochizuki Y, Iwasawa Y, Nakata K, Chuman H, Nakano T. VISCANA: visualized cluster analysis of protein-ligand interaction based on the ab initio fragment molecular orbital method for virtual ligand screening. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 2006, 46 (1): 221–30. PMID 16426058. doi:10.1021/ci050262q.
^Drug Design: Structure- and Ligand-Based Approaches 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0521887236.Reynolds CH, Merz KM, Ringe D, eds. (2010). Drug Design: Structure- and Ligand-Based Approaches (1 ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0521887236.
^Mauser H, Guba W. Recent developments in de novo design and scaffold hopping. Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development. May 2008, 11 (3): 365–74. PMID 18428090.
^Wang R, Gao Y, Lai L. LigBuilder: A Multi-Purpose Program for Structure-Based Drug Design. Journal of Molecular Modeling. 2000, 6 (7–8): 498–516. S2CID 59482623. doi:10.1007/s0089400060498.
^Schneider G, Fechner U. Computer-based de novo design of drug-like molecules. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. Aug 2005, 4 (8): 649–63. PMID 16056391. S2CID 2549851. doi:10.1038/nrd1799.
^ 40.040.1Yuan Y, Pei J, Lai L. Binding site detection and druggability prediction of protein targets for structure-based drug design. Current Pharmaceutical Design. Dec 2013, 19 (12): 2326–33. PMID 23082974. doi:10.2174/1381612811319120019.Yuan Y, Pei J, Lai L (Dec 2013). "Binding site detection and druggability prediction of protein targets for structure-based drug design". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 19 (12): 2326–33. doi:10.2174/1381612811319120019. PMID23082974 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
^Böhm HJ. The development of a simple empirical scoring function to estimate the binding constant for a protein-ligand complex of known three-dimensional structure. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design. Jun 1994, 8 (3): 243–56. Bibcode:1994JCAMD...8..243B. PMID 7964925. S2CID 2491616. doi:10.1007/BF00126743.
^Liu J, Wang R. Classification of Current Scoring Functions. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 23 March 2015, 55 (3): 475–482. PMID 25647463. doi:10.1021/ci500731a.
^Ajay, Murcko MA. Computational methods to predict binding free energy in ligand-receptor complexes. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38 (26): 4953–67. PMID 8544170. doi:10.1021/jm00026a001.
^Greer J, Erickson JW, Baldwin JJ, Varney MD. Application of the three-dimensional structures of protein target molecules in structure-based drug design. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Apr 1994, 37 (8): 1035–54. PMID 8164249. doi:10.1021/jm00034a001.
^Timmerman H, Gubernator K, Böhm HJ, Mannhold R, Kubinyi H. Structure-based Ligand Design (Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 1998. ISBN 978-3-527-29343-8.
^Capdeville R, Buchdunger E, Zimmermann J, Matter A. Glivec (STI571, imatinib), a rationally developed, targeted anticancer drug. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. Jul 2002, 1 (7): 493–502. PMID 12120256. S2CID 2728341. doi:10.1038/nrd839.