美國訟務次長

提示：此条目的主题不是美國司法部長或美國司法部副部長。

美國訟務次長
Solicitor General of the United States
訟務次長旗幟
現任 伊莉莎白·普雷洛加（英语：Elizabeth Prelogar） 自2021年10月28日
美國司法部
尊称	訟務次長先生／女士（Mr. or Madam Solicitor General）
直屬	美國司法部長
機關所在地	美國最高法院大樓及司法部大樓
任命者	美國總統 （參照參議院意見並得其同意）
設立法源	美國法典第28编（英语：Title 28 of the United States Code） § 第505節
设立	1870年10月
首任	本傑明·布里斯托
副職	首席副訟務次長（Principal Deputy Solicitor General）
网站	www.usdoj.gov

訟務次長辦公室的架構

美国副总检察长（英語：Solicitor General of the United States，台湾作美國訟務次長）[1][2][3]是美國司法部排名第四的高級官員，繼司法部長、常务副部长及助理部長之後。該職位自2021年10月28日起由伊莉莎白·普雷洛加（英语：Elizabeth Prelogar）擔任。

美國訟務次長在美國最高法院代表美國聯邦政府參加訟辯。美國在最高法院採取的法律立場即由訟務次長決定。除了監管及處理政府作為訴訟方的案件外，訟務次長辦公室還會在與聯邦政府有重大利益關聯的案件中提交法庭之友摘要。幾乎所有以「合眾國」為與訟一方的案件中，訟務次長辦公室都會代表政府出庭爭辯，並在大多數政府曾提交「法庭之友」摘要的案件中出庭爭辯。在聯邦上訴法院，訟務次長辦公室會審視對合眾國不利的案件，並決定政府是否應向最高法院尋求覆核。訟務次長辦公室還會審視聯邦地區法院對合眾國作出的裁決，並就政府對案件的上訴做出核准決定。

訟務次長辦公室的組成

訟務次長由4名副訟務次長（deputy solicitors general）及17名訟務次長助理（assistants to the solicitor general）協助。其中3名副訟務次長是司法部的職業律師，剩下的1名副訟務次長被稱為「首席副訟務次長」（Principal Deputy Solicitor General）。與訟務次長相同，首席副訟務次長通常在政府任期結束時卸任。

訟務次長或一名副訟務次長通常會在最高法院為最重要的案件爭辯。其他案件可能由其中一名助理或其他政府律師（government attorney）參與訟辯。每個最高法院任期內，訟務次長通常會在6至9個案件中爭辯，而每名副訟務次長在4至5個案件中爭辯，每名助理則會在2至3個案件中爭辯。[4]

歷任訟務次長

訟務次長	任期	委任總統
本杰明·布里斯托	October 11, 1870 – November 15, 1872	尤利西斯·辛普森·格兰特
Samuel Phillips	December 11, 1872 – May 1, 1885
John Goode	May 1, 1885 – August 5, 1886	格罗弗·克利夫兰
George Jenks	July 30, 1886 – May 29, 1889
Orlow Chapman	May 29, 1889 – January 19, 1890	本杰明·哈里森
威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱	February 4, 1890 – March 20, 1892
Charles Aldrich	March 21, 1892 – May 28, 1893
Lawrence Maxwell	April 6, 1893 – January 30, 1895	格罗弗·克利夫兰
Holmes Conrad	February 6, 1895 – July 1, 1897
John Richards	July 6, 1897 – March 16, 1903	威廉·麦金莱
Henry Hoyt	February 25, 1903 – March 31, 1909	西奥多·罗斯福
Lloyd Bowers	April 1, 1909 – September 9, 1910	威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱
Frederick Lehmann	December 12, 1910 – July 15, 1912
William Bullitt	July 16, 1912 – March 11, 1913
约翰·威廉·戴维斯	August 30, 1913 – November 26, 1918	伍德罗·威尔逊
Alexander King	November 27, 1918 – May 23, 1920
William Frierson	June 1, 1920 – June 30, 1921
James Beck	June 1, 1921 – May 11, 1925	沃伦·盖玛利尔·哈定
William Mitchell	June 4, 1925 – March 5, 1929	卡尔文·柯立芝
Charles Hughes	May 27, 1929 – April 16, 1930	赫伯特·胡佛
Thomas Thacher	March 22, 1930 – May 4, 1933
James Biggs	May 5, 1933 – March 24, 1935	富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福
Stanley Reed	March 25, 1935 – January 30, 1938
罗伯特·H·杰克逊	March 5, 1938 – January 17, 1940
弗朗西斯·貝弗利·比德尔	January 22, 1940 – September 4, 1941
Charles Fahy	November 15, 1941 – September 27, 1945
Howard McGrath	October 4, 1945 – October 7, 1946	哈里·S·杜鲁门
Philip Perlman	July 30, 1947 – August 15, 1952
Walter Cummings	December 2, 1952 – March 1, 1953
Simon Sobeloff	February 10, 1954 – July 19, 1956	德怀特·艾森豪威尔
Lee Rankin	August 4, 1956 – January 23, 1961
Archibald Cox	January 24, 1961 – July 31, 1965	约翰·肯尼迪
瑟古德·马歇尔	August 11, 1965 – August 30, 1967	林登·约翰逊
Erwin Griswold	October 12, 1967 – June 25, 1973
Robert Bork	June 27, 1973 – January 20, 1977	理查德·尼克松
		杰拉尔德·福特
Daniel Friedman 署理	January 20, 1977 – March 4, 1977	吉米·卡特
Wade McCree	March 4, 1977 – January 20, 1981
Rex Lee	August 6, 1981 – June 1, 1985	罗纳德·里根
Charles Fried	October 23, 1985 – January 20, 1989 Acting: June 1, 1985 – October 23, 1985
William Bryson 署理	January 20, 1989 – May 27, 1989	乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布什
Ken Starr	May 27, 1989 – January 20, 1993
William Bryson 署理	January 20, 1993 – June 7, 1993	比尔·克林顿
Drew Days	June 7, 1993 – June 28, 1996
Walter Dellinger 署理	June 28, 1996 – November 7, 1997
Seth Waxman	November 7, 1997 – January 20, 2001
Barbara Underwood 署理	January 20, 2001 – June 13, 2001	乔治·沃克·布什
西奧多·奧爾森（英语：Theodore Olson）	June 13, 2001 – July 13, 2004
Paul Clement	June 13, 2005 – June 2, 2008 Acting: July 13, 2004 – June 13, 2005
Gregory Garre	October 2, 2008 – January 20, 2009 Acting: June 2, 2008 – October 2, 2008
Edwin Kneedler 署理	January 20, 2009 – March 20, 2009	贝拉克·奥巴马
艾蕾娜·卡根	March 20, 2009 – May 17, 2010
Neal Katyal 署理	May 17, 2010 – June 9, 2011
Don Verrilli	June 9, 2011 – June 25, 2016
Ian Gershengorn 署理	June 25, 2016 – January 20, 2017
Noel Francisco 署理	January 20, 2017 – March 10, 2017	唐納·川普
Jeff Wall 署理	March 10, 2017 – September 19, 2017
Noel Francisco	September 19, 2017 – July 3, 2020
Jeff Wall 署理	July 3, 2020 – January 20, 2021
Elizabeth Prelogar 署理	January 20, 2021 – August 11, 2021	乔·拜登
Brian Fletcher 署理	August 11, 2021 – October 28, 2021
Elizabeth Prelogar	October 28, 2021 – present

Note: Some terms overlap because the incumbent remained in office after a successor was named. The office has been vacant at times while awaiting the nomination or confirmation of a successor.

首席副訟務次長列表

• Paul M. Bator – 1982 to 1983
• Donald B. Ayer – June 1986 to December 1988
• John Roberts – October 1989–January 1993[5] (Became Chief Justice)
• Paul Bender – 1993–1996
• Seth Waxman – 1996–1997 (Became Solicitor General)
• Barbara Underwood – March 1997 to January 2001 (acting SG from January to June 2001)
• Paul D. Clement – 2001 to July 2004 (became acting SG)
• Gregory G. Garre – September 2005-June 19, 2008 (became acting SG)
• Neal Katyal – January 2009 to May 2010 (became acting SG)
• Leondra Kruger – acting principal deputy SG named in August 2010
• Sri Srinivasan – August 2011 to May 2013 (became Chief Judge of D.C. Circuit)
• Ian Gershengorn – September 2013 to June 2016 (became Acting SG)
• Noel Francisco – January 20, 2017 to March 10, 2017 (became SG)
• Jeff Wall – March 10, 2017 to January 20, 2021 (became Acting SG)[6][7]
• Elizabeth Prelogar – January 20, 2021 - October 28, 2021 (became SG)

參見

• 法律政策專員
• 澳洲民事檢察專員
• 澳洲法律政策專員

參考文獻

1. 美國「法庭之友」制度簡介. 民間司改會數位典藏. 2012-12-30 [2022-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-25） （中文（臺灣））. 
2. 林超駿. 行政權之釋憲機制:美國聯邦訴訟(次)長(Solicitor General)制度與運作簡介 (180). 2010-05-01 [2022-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-25）. 
3. 商务部中国国际电子商务中心. 美国法典第101条——American Axle案与《专利资格恢复法案》. 商务部中国保护知识产权网. [2023-04-14]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-14）. 
4. Bhatia, Kedar S. Updated Advocate Scorecard (OT00-10). Daily Writ. April 17, 2011 [2022-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-31）. 
5. Archived copy (PDF). leahy.senate.gov. [12 January 2022]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于30 January 2006）. 
6. Chris Geidner on Twitter: "Big news in here: Jeff Wall (Trump-era hire, came from Sullivan & Cromwell, is returning to DOJ) is now the US acting solicitor general.". Twitter. March 13, 2017 [July 7, 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-18）. 
7. DOJ's Jeffrey Wall Will Be Acting US Solicitor, as Noel Francisco Heads Out. Law.com. June 17, 2020 [July 7, 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-17）.