波斯字母系統

波斯文字母表,或稱為波斯-阿拉伯字母表الفبای فارسی‬)是一種在阿拉伯字母基礎上編制、用於書寫波斯語的書寫體系。該體系在阿拉伯語字母的基礎上,另外添加了四個字母以適應波斯語:پ [p], چ [tʃ], ژ [ʒ]和گ [ɡ]。而後這套字母表被許多不同的語言廣為變化、應用,像是烏爾都字母庫爾德語字母奧斯曼土耳其語字母韃靼語亞塞拜然語等。

波斯文以草書書寫,也即是一個單詞中大部分字母是連起來書寫的。這種特性也在電腦上得以實現。在電腦上輸入波斯文的時候,電腦會自動將需要連接的字母連接。不連接起來書寫的波斯文不被普遍接受。如同阿拉伯文,波斯文也是從右自左書寫的。

波斯文是輔音音素文字,這個特性可能可以追溯到古埃及的象形文字。輔音音素文字的特點是元音的出現不多。例如在古典阿拉伯文中,6個元音字母的其中3個短音基本被省略,而另外3個長音則含糊的連接著輔音出現。一般只有在特殊的情況下才會完全標註元音字母,比如在《可蘭經》中。

这套文字從9世紀塔希爾王朝时期開始逐漸替代此前使用的巴列维字母

字母

下面是32個現代波斯語字母表。字母的書寫形式取決於字母在單詞中所在的位置,包括獨立書寫,首部(左邊連接),中部(兩邊連接)和尾部(右邊連接)。

字母的名稱大部分與阿拉伯語相同,但是以波斯語發音。唯一不明確的名稱就是he,同時用於ح和ه。

# 名稱 DIN 31635 國際音標 上下文形式
尾部 中部 首部 獨立
0 hamza[1] همزه ʾ [ʔ] ـئـأـؤ ـئـ ئـ ءأ
1 ʾalef الف ā [ɒ] ـا آ/ ا
2 be بِ b [b] ـب ـبـ بـ ب
3 pe پِ p [p] ـپ ـپـ پـ پ
4 te تِ t [t] ـت ـتـ تـ ت
5 s̱e ثِ [s] ـث ـثـ ثـ ث
6 jim جیم j [d͡ʒ] ـج ـجـ جـ ج
7 che چِ č [t͡ʃ] ـچ ـچـ چـ چ
8 ḥe(-ye jimi) حِ [h] ـح ـحـ حـ ح
9 khe خِ x [x] ـخ ـخـ خـ خ
10 dāl دال d [d] ـد د
11 ẕāl ذال [z] ـذ ذ
12 re رِ r [ɾ] ـر ر
13 ze زِ z [z] ـز ز
14 že ژِ ž [ʒ] ـژ ژ
15 sin سین s [s] ـس ـسـ سـ س
16 šin شین š [ʃ] ـش ـشـ شـ ش
17 ṣād صاد [s] ـص ـصـ صـ ص
18 z̤ād ضاد [z] ـض ـضـ ضـ ض
19 ṭā, ṭoy(達利語) طی, طا [t] ـط ـطـ طـ ط
20 ẓā, ẓoy(達利語) ظی, ظا [z] ـظ ـظـ ظـ ظ
21 ʿeyn عین ʿ [ʔ] ـع ـعـ عـ ع
22 ġeyn غین ġ [ɣ] ـغ ـغـ غـ غ
23 fe فِ f [f] ـف ـفـ فـ ف
24 qāf قاف q [ɢ] ـق ـقـ قـ ق
25 kāf کاف k [k] ـک ـکـ کـ ک
26 gāf گاف g [ɡ] ـگ ـگـ گـ گ
27 lām لام l [l] ـل ـلـ لـ ل
28 mim میم m [m] ـم ـمـ مـ م
29 nun نون n [n] ـن ـنـ نـ ن
30 vāv واو v / ū / ow /(在達利語中是w / aw / ō [v] / [uː] / [o] / [ow] /(在達利語中是[w] / [aw] / [oː] ـو و
31 he(-ye do-češm) هِ h [h] ـه ـهـ هـ ه
32 ye یِ y / ī / á /(在達利語中是ay / ē [j] / [i] / [ɒː] /(在達利語中是[aj] / [eː] ـی ـیـ یـ ی

波斯文有七個字母و、ژ、ز、ر、ذ、د、ا不跟後面的字母連寫。這七個字母在獨立和首部的時候具有一個書寫形式,在中部和尾部的時候有另一種書寫形式。比如字母ا,在單詞的開頭寫作اینجا(這裡),與獨立書寫形式一樣。在單詞امروز(今天)中,字母ر書寫形式為尾部形式,而字母و書寫形式為獨立形式,雖然他們都在字母的中間。此外字母ز也書寫成獨立形式,雖然它在單詞的尾部。

與阿拉伯文書寫的區別

以下是對阿拉伯文書寫和波斯文書寫之間的差異:

  • 字母hamze(ء)不用在字母ا上下來區分讀音;
  • 除非直接引用阿拉伯文,字母ة根據讀音轉寫成ت或ه;
  • 字母ی在詞尾的時候不加點。阿拉伯文(埃及,蘇丹和馬格里布除外)在結尾為yāʾ是加點,alif maqsura時不加點。因為波斯文一律不加點,所以不區分結尾是alif maqsura還是yāʾ。例如名字موسی(摩西);
  • 波斯文新加的字母pe(پ)、che(چ)、že(ژ)、和gâf(گ)是因為阿拉伯文中沒有代表這些讀音的字母;
  • 在阿拉伯字母表中,字母hā'(ه)在waw(و)之前,而在波斯文中,字母he(ه)在vav(و)之後;

註釋

  1. ^ ?? (PDF). Persianacademy.ir. [2015-09-05]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24). 

參考文獻

  • 主編及編輯 葉奕良等,《波斯語漢語詞典》,北京大學東方語文學系波斯語教研室編,商務印書館,2012-01。 ISBN 9787100006811

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