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拉那克山口
拉那克山口
ལ་ནག་ལ
	拉那克山口拉那克山口在拉达克的位置
海拔	5,466米（17,933英尺）
穿過	西藏省道S519
位置	西藏自治区阿里地区日土县
坐标	34°23′38″N 79°32′21″E / 34.3938°N 79.5391°E

拉那克山口 (藏語：ལ་ནག་ལ，藏语拼音：Lanag La; 汉语拼音:Lā nà kè shānkǒu; 印地語：लानक दर्रा)是在有争议的阿克赛钦地区的一个山口，印度主张它是中国－印度边界山口。拉那克山口位于阿克赛钦在察坎山(Chāmkang) 34°25′18″N 79°13′36″E / 34.42167°N 79.22667°E / 34.42167; 79.22667 和Samkang34°24′45″N 79°04′27″E / 34.41250°N 79.07417°E / 34.41250; 79.07417 以南，目前这一部分目前纳入中国西藏自治区阿里地区日土县管辖，最近的村落是距离山口120公里的东汝乡松西村。

历史

从1820年起，旅行家William_Moorcroft（英语：William_Moorcroft_(explorer)）证实，拉那克山口曾经是拉达克和西藏之间一个完善的边界点。^[1]几位旅行者在19世纪末和20世纪初写道，印度和西藏之间的传统边界在拉那克山口。他们还表示，印度和西藏双方都接受了边界。^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] 从羌臣摩河河谷到拉那克山口的地区有大量的查谟和克什米尔政府记录。除了收入记录、1908年拉达克定居点报告、几个调查小组的报告、1951年的查谟和克什米尔野生动物保护法外，还有克什米尔的文件有关在羌臣摩河河谷建设和维护贸易路线、休息室和仓库。他们都将整个羌臣摩河河谷一直延伸到拉那克山口在拉达克管辖下。^[10]

直到1951年，中国地图也承认拉那克山口为边界。^[11]1956 年，中华人民共和国公布了第一张自定义地图，其中以空喀山口34°20′06″N 79°02′07″E / 34.335°N 79.0353°E / 34.335; 79.0353为界线。直到 1956 年，那里一直插着印度国旗。^[12]^[13]中国直到1958年6月才出现在拉那克山口地区，当时一支印度巡逻队沿着羌臣摩河河谷到拉那克山口。^[14]^[15]次年，中国军队已渗入羌臣摩河河谷。1959年10月，当印度边境巡逻队试图在空喀山口附近设置哨所时，^[16]^[17]他们遭到中国军队的伏击，其中一些人被杀，另一些人被俘。^[17]中印双方关于空喀山口事件各执一词。

一些西方学者，如Larry_Wortzel（英语：Larry_Wortzel）和Allen_S._Whiting（英语：Allen_S._Whiting），似乎支持中国人声称空喀山口是西藏“传统”边界的说法。^[18]^[19]然而，其他学者指出了中国的不一致之处。^[20]^[21]

历史地图

1875年Frederick_Drew（英语：Frederick_Drew）描绘的羌臣摩河河谷。拉纳克山口在羌臣摩河河谷的东端被简单地标记为"山口"，边界划定经过该山口。^[22]

参考

^ Richardson, H. E. A Short History of Tibet. E. P. Dutton. 1962: 225. ^{[失效連結]}
^ Wellby, M.S. Through Unknown Tibet. Lippincott. 1898: 78. ISBN 9788120610583.
^ Carey, A. D. A Journey round Chinese Turkistan and along the Northern frontier of Tibet. Proceedings of the Royal Geographic Society. 1887, 9 (12): 731–752 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1801130. doi:10.2307/1801130. （原始内容存档于2022-03-22）.
^ Bower, Hamilton, Diary of A Journey across Tibet, London, 1894
^ Rawling, C. G., The Great Plateau Being An Account Of Exploration In Central Tibet, 1903, And Of The Gartok Expedition 1904-1905, p 38, London, 1905
^ Deasy, H. H. P. Journeys in Central Asia. The Geographical Journal. Aug 1900, 6 (2): 142 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1774554. （原始内容存档于2022-03-22）.
^ Bruce, C. D. A Journey across Asia from Leh to Peking. The Geographical Journal. Jun 1907, 29 (6): 600 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1776269. doi:10.2307/1776269. （原始内容存档于2022-03-22）.
^ Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question - Part 2 (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs, India, 1961. [30 August 2013]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于21 September 2013）.
^ Verma, Virendra Sahai. Sino-Indian Border Dispute At Aksai Chin - A Middle Path For Resolution (PDF). Journal of Development Alternatives and Area Studies. 2006, 25 (3): 6–8 [30 August 2013]. ISSN 1651-9728. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-10-19）.
^ Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963), p. 112
^ Karackattu, Joe Thomas. The Corrosive Compromise of the Sino-Indian Border Management Framework: From Doklam to Galwan. Asian Affairs. 2020, 51 (3): 590–604. S2CID 222093756. doi:10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726.
^ Hudson, Geoffrey Francis. Far Eastern Affairs, Volume 3. St. Martin's Press. 1963: 20.
^ Notes, Memoranda and letters Exchanged and Agreements signed between The Governments of India and China - White Paper VIII (PDF). [30 August 2013]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于21 September 2013）.
^ Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990), p. 77: "This company was commanded by the most experienced Indian patrol leader in Ladakh, one Karam Singh, who (the previous June) had taken a patrol through Hot Spring, Kongka Pass, and then forty miles further to Lanak La. No sign of a Chinese presence had been seen then..."
^ Mullik, B. N., My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal, Allied Publishers: 627, 1971 [2022-03-22], （原始内容存档于2022-03-22）
^ Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990), p. 77: "It happened two miles west of the pass, on the banks of the Chang Chenmo River." (emphasis added)
^ ^17.0 ^17.1 Maxwell, Neville. India's China War. New York: Pantheon. 1970: 13.
^ Wortzel, Larry. Burkitt, Laurie; Scobell, Andrew; Wortzel, Larry , 编. The Lessons of History: The Chinese People's Liberation Army at 75 (PDF). 戰略研究所（英语：Strategic Studies Institute）, 美国陆军战争学院. 2003: 331 [2022-03-22]. ISBN 9781428916517. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-02-05）.
^ Whiting, Allen S. The Sino-Soviet Split. MacFarquhar, Roderick; Fairbank, John K. (编). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 14. Cambridge University Press. 1987: 512. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0.
^ Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963), p. 101: "Confusion as to the extent of the Chang Chenmo valley between the Lanak and Kongka passes continued to be a feature of Chinese cartography even after the Communists came to power.... the flexibility shown by official Chinese cartographers here and on other sections of the border makes mockery of China's oft-repeated claim that its concept of the border has a solid basis in history."
^ Van Eekelen, Willem Frederik, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China, Springer: 164, 1967 [2022-03-22], ISBN 978-94-017-6555-8, （原始内容存档于2022-05-04）, The Chinese could not quote a single document confirming that the Kongka Pass constituted the boundary.... The thorough approach of the Indian side generally contrasted with an inconsistent and almost careless presentation by the Chinese officials.
^ Drew, Frederic, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account, E. Stanford, 1875 –通过archive.org

参考书目

Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A., Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh, Praeger, 1963 –通过archive.org

外部链接

Chang Chenmo River marked on OpenStreetMap （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

喀喇昆仑走廊和阿克赛钦的相关位置图
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 喀喇昆仑走廊和阿克赛钦的相关位置图图例： 1：木斯塔山口 2：慕士塔格塔峰 3：斯吉尔布鲁木峰 4：乔戈里峰 5：斯坎格里峰 6：布洛阿特峰 7：加舒尔布鲁木IV峰 K3 8：加舒尔布鲁木II峰 K4 9：加舒尔布鲁木I峰 K5 10：锡亚康戈里峰 11：特拉木坎力I峰 12：Apsarasas Kangri I（英语：Apsarasas Kangri） 13：皇冠山 14：克勒青河 15：喀喇昆仑山口 16：斗拉特别奥里地 - 天文点 LAC 17：加勒万河 18：空喀山口 19：神仙湾 20：天文点 21：河尾滩 22：加勒万前进基地 23：溫泉 24：空喀山口边防连 25：空喀山口事件 (胜利山) 26：拉那克山口 27：阿克赛钦湖 28：甜水海 29：喀拉喀什河 30：叶尔羌河 31：热斯喀木村(Raskam（英语：Raskam）) 32：麻扎(Mazar) 33：柯克阿特达坂 34：赛图拉哨卡 35：赛图拉镇 36：康西瓦（英语：Kangxiwar） 37：大红柳滩 38：Suget Pass（英语：Suget Pass） 39：桑株达坂 40：印地他什达坂 41：莎车县莎车镇 42：喀格勒克镇 43：博热(Bora) 44：柯克亚乡 45：固玛镇 46：桑株镇 47：和田市 48：于田县 49：玉龙喀什河 50：克里雅河 51：克里雅山口 52：郭扎错 53：邦达错 54：清澈湖 55：美马错 56：龙木错 57：松西村

'

[1] Richardson, H. E. A Short History of Tibet. E. P. Dutton. 1962: 225. ^{[失效連結]}

[2] Wellby, M.S. Through Unknown Tibet. Lippincott. 1898: 78. ISBN 9788120610583.

[3] Carey, A. D. A Journey round Chinese Turkistan and along the Northern frontier of Tibet. Proceedings of the Royal Geographic Society. 1887, 9 (12): 731–752 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1801130. doi:10.2307/1801130. （原始内容存档于2022-03-22）.

[4] Bower, Hamilton, Diary of A Journey across Tibet, London, 1894

[5] Rawling, C. G., The Great Plateau Being An Account Of Exploration In Central Tibet, 1903, And Of The Gartok Expedition 1904-1905, p 38, London, 1905

[6] Deasy, H. H. P. Journeys in Central Asia. The Geographical Journal. Aug 1900, 6 (2): 142 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1774554. （原始内容存档于2022-03-22）.

[7] Bruce, C. D. A Journey across Asia from Leh to Peking. The Geographical Journal. Jun 1907, 29 (6): 600 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1776269. doi:10.2307/1776269. （原始内容存档于2022-03-22）.

[8] Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question - Part 2 (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs, India, 1961. [30 August 2013]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于21 September 2013）.

[pathforresolution-9] Verma, Virendra Sahai. Sino-Indian Border Dispute At Aksai Chin - A Middle Path For Resolution (PDF). Journal of Development Alternatives and Area Studies. 2006, 25 (3): 6–8 [30 August 2013]. ISSN 1651-9728. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-10-19）.

[HimalayanBground-10] Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963), p. 112

[Karackattu-11] Karackattu, Joe Thomas. The Corrosive Compromise of the Sino-Indian Border Management Framework: From Doklam to Galwan. Asian Affairs. 2020, 51 (3): 590–604. S2CID 222093756. doi:10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726.

[12] Hudson, Geoffrey Francis. Far Eastern Affairs, Volume 3. St. Martin's Press. 1963: 20.

[13] Notes, Memoranda and letters Exchanged and Agreements signed between The Governments of India and China - White Paper VIII (PDF). [30 August 2013]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于21 September 2013）.

[14] Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990), p. 77: "This company was commanded by the most experienced Indian patrol leader in Ladakh, one Karam Singh, who (the previous June) had taken a patrol through Hot Spring, Kongka Pass, and then forty miles further to Lanak La. No sign of a Chinese presence had been seen then..."

[15] Mullik, B. N., My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal, Allied Publishers: 627, 1971 [2022-03-22], （原始内容存档于2022-03-22）

[16] Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990), p. 77: "It happened two miles west of the pass, on the banks of the Chang Chenmo River." (emphasis added)

[maxwell-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Maxwell, Neville. India's China War. New York: Pantheon. 1970: 13.

[wortzel-18] Wortzel, Larry. Burkitt, Laurie; Scobell, Andrew; Wortzel, Larry , 编. The Lessons of History: The Chinese People's Liberation Army at 75 (PDF). 戰略研究所（英语：Strategic Studies Institute）, 美国陆军战争学院. 2003: 331 [2022-03-22]. ISBN 9781428916517. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-02-05）.

[CHOC-19] Whiting, Allen S. The Sino-Soviet Split. MacFarquhar, Roderick; Fairbank, John K. (编). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 14. Cambridge University Press. 1987: 512. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0.

[20] Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963), p. 101: "Confusion as to the extent of the Chang Chenmo valley between the Lanak and Kongka passes continued to be a feature of Chinese cartography even after the Communists came to power.... the flexibility shown by official Chinese cartographers here and on other sections of the border makes mockery of China's oft-repeated claim that its concept of the border has a solid basis in history."

[21] Van Eekelen, Willem Frederik, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China, Springer: 164, 1967 [2022-03-22], ISBN 978-94-017-6555-8, （原始内容存档于2022-05-04）, The Chinese could not quote a single document confirming that the Kongka Pass constituted the boundary.... The thorough approach of the Indian side generally contrasted with an inconsistent and almost careless presentation by the Chinese officials.

[22] Drew, Frederic, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account, E. Stanford, 1875 –通过archive.org

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拉那克山口

历史

历史地图

参考

参考书目

外部链接

Portal di Ensiklopedia Dunia