性別自我認定

性別自我認定应用于法定性别;除部分國家外,上文所列是以國家為單位進行區分,故而在行政區劃層級上未予標註。美國的部分州呈紅色顯示,原因在於該國法律因州而異。例如,德克薩斯州等灰色區域的州明確禁止未經手術的法定性別變更。[1]

性別自我認定性别自决(英語:Gender self-identification)是指一个人的法定性别由其性别认同决定,而不需符合醫療或司法上的要求。[2][3][4][5]

这是跨性别者权益运动的核心目标所在。[2][3][4][6]支持者认为,将医疗要求作为性别承認的条件,乃是一种具有侵扰性且令人感到羞辱的门槛设置,极有可能迫使跨性別者接受其并不愿意的医疗程序。他们亦主张,性別自決能够简化跨性别者在无偏见和歧视之环境中生活的过程。

支持者強調,在已實施性別自決法律的國家(如 2015 年採用性別自決政策的爱尔兰)当中,缺乏能够显示不良结果的证据。[3][7]反對者則認為,性別自決會損害女性庇護所和監獄等空間的安全性,以及競技體育中的公平性。[6][8][9][10]

截至 2024 年 11 月,已有二十一个国家颁布法律,准许性別自我認定而无需司法或医疗批准。这些国家包括:阿根廷比利时巴西智利哥伦比亚哥斯达黎加丹麦厄瓜多尔芬兰德国冰岛爱尔兰卢森堡马耳他新西兰挪威巴基斯坦葡萄牙西班牙[11]、瑞士乌拉圭[12][13][14]类似法律的提案在一些国家(特别是英国)引发了争议。[4]

在诸如澳大利亚加拿大墨西哥这般的联邦国家,性别承認法律通常会因省或州的不同而存在差异。在同一司法管辖区域内,不同的官方文件(例如出生证明护照)的程序也可能有所不同。此类法律未必能够涵盖性别承認的所有领域,诸如医疗保健或者设施使用权等等。

印度尼泊尔[13]孟加拉国哥伦比亚阿根廷澳大利亚新西兰以及部分美国州提供第三性别的自我决定选择。[15]

參考文獻

  1. ^ Movement Advancement Project | Identity Document Laws and Policies. www.lgbtmap.org. [2023-02-18] (英语). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Zimman, Lal. Trans self-identification and the language of neoliberal selfhood: Agency, power, and the limits of monologic discourse. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 1 March 2019, (256): 147–175. S2CID 150715919. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2018-2016. For trans people, a key principle of activism is gender self-determination, which treats each individual as the ultimate authority on their own gender identity....Self-identification is a lynchpin of transgender identity politics in the United States and, increasingly, throughout the globalizing world. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Continental Europe enters the gender wars. The Economist. 12 June 2021 [17 October 2021]. Self-id, as it is known, is the idea that people be allowed to change the legal markers of their sex simply by saying so, without jumping through any medical hoops. Trans-rights groups say this is crucial for trans people, who face daily prejudice. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Explained: Countries that allow gender self-identification, and the law in India. The Indian Express. 1 July 2021 [11 October 2021] (英语). Self-identification, or ‘self-id’, is the concept that a person should be allowed to legally identify with the gender of their choice by simply declaring so, and without facing any medical tests. This has been a long held demand of trans-right groups around the world 
  5. ^ Weaver, Matthew. Gender recognition certificate fee cut from £140 to £5. The Guardian. 3 May 2021 [17 October 2021] (英语). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Lewis, Helen. The Party Whose Success Is a Problem. The Atlantic. 5 May 2021 (英语). 
  7. ^ Murphy, Simon; Brooks, Libby. UK government drops gender self-identification plan for trans people. The Guardian. 22 September 2020 [17 October 2021] (英语). 
  8. ^ Boothman, John. Scottish government to legalise gender self-identification需要付费订阅. The Sunday Times. 22 August 2021 [17 October 2021]. 
  9. ^ Goodwin, Daisy. The Transgender Issue and Trans — the gender agenda需要付费订阅. Financial Times. 10 September 2021 [17 October 2021]. 
  10. ^ Madrigal-Borloz, Victor, Reports on Gender: The Law of Inclusion & Practices of Exclusion (PDF), United Nations Independent Expert on Protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity: 6, 8, 2021 [21 October 2021], Some submissions to this report argued against legal recognition of trans and gender diverse persons, alleging a risk of erasure of cisgender women’s concerns, the integrity of gender-segregated spaces for women and the threat to the development of girls through sport.
    "The concerns raised overwhelmingly appear to rely on anecdotal evidence, some of which would relate to allegations of abuse, but most of which build on deeply discriminatory stereotypes of trans and gender diverse persons based on ideas of predatory determinism. They also appear to reproduce privileged and/or colonial bias that disregards gender diversity around the world and to suggest a shift of onus from the State (the duty bearer) to communities and persons that, as evidence shows, are deeply disenfranchised (trans and gender diverse persons, the rights holders). ...
    "The work to address, and ultimately eradicate, violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity is not in opposition to the human rights of women; to the contrary, these areas of concern largely overlap and conceptually, socioeconomically, politically and legally reinforce each other.
     
  11. ^ Carreño, Belén; Allen, Nathan. Spain moves step closer to gender self-identification. Reuters. 29 June 2021 [17 October 2021] (英语). 
  12. ^ Trans Rights Index Europe & Central Asia 2023. [16 November 2022]. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Trans Legal Mapping Report 2019: Recognition before the law (PDF). ilga.org. 2020 [16 November 2022]. 
  14. ^ THEMATIC REPORT ON LEGAL GENDER RECOGNITION IN EUROPE. Council of Europe. June 2022 [22 November 2022]. 
  15. ^ Argentina Recognizes Non-Binary Identities. hrw.org. 2023 [21 April 2023]. 

 

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