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2022年5月24日,18岁的萨尔瓦多·拉莫斯 (英語:Salvador Ramos )在位于美国 德克萨斯州 尤瓦尔迪市 的罗伯小学 连续 无差别 射击,造成包括19名儿童和2名成人[ 1] [ 2] 在內的21人死亡,17人重伤。[ 3] [ 1] 当天早些时候,拉莫斯在家中开枪击中其祖母的前额,使其身负重伤。[ 3] 之后,拉莫斯前往学校,在校外进行了五分钟左右的枪击[ 4] ,其后手持一把AR-15式步枪,在没有受到任何武装抵抗的情况下通过一扇打开的学校侧门进入校内[ 5] 。之后,拉莫斯将自己反锁于一间教室内,射杀了该次事件中所有的受害者,并在相同地点滞留了约1小时才被前来增援的边境巡逻队战术单位 击毙。[ 6]
这次袭击是德克萨斯州史上死亡人数最多的校园枪击事件[ 7] ,也是自2012年桑迪胡克小学枪击案 [ 3] 以来发生在美国小学的死亡人数最多的枪击事件。
事件发生后,负责该事件的数名执法官员因不恰当的应对方式受到批评。得克萨斯州 州长格雷格·阿伯特(Greg Abbott)最初赞扬了负责该案件先遣應急人員 的行动,但其后要求对事件指挥官不作為的情况进行调查:警方在枪击地点等待了78分钟后才强行进入教室与枪击者交战;同时因为警方封锁了校园,数名警察与试图进入学校营救儿童的平民发生了暴力冲突。[ 8] [ 9] [ 10] 事后,当地官员和州政府官员对于警方的行动进行了失实报道,夸大了警方的应对行动。[ 11] 德克萨斯州公共安全部承认执法部门推迟进入教室是一个错误,并将此归咎于尤瓦尔迪市联合独立学区警察局长对情况的评估:在报告中,局长将枪手定性为一名“被封锁的对象”,而不是处于充满学生的教室中的“活跃枪手”。[ 12] [ 4]
背景
案發地——洛伯小學,攝於2015年。
尤瓦尔迪位于德克萨斯州南部地区,约有16,000人,距美墨邊界 约60英里(100公里),距圣安东尼奥 约85英里(135公里)。尤瓦尔迪是一个拉丁裔美国人 占多数的城市,几乎有一半的人为非英语人口。[ 13] 罗伯小学90%的学生是西班牙裔 ,大约81%的学生来自经济困难的家庭。[ 14] 这所学校有大约600名二年级至四年级的学生。[ 15] [ 16]
据报道,学区在枪击发生时采取了多项安全措施,包括四名警官(一名警长、一名侦探和两名警官)在校园内巡逻以及一名负责二级校园入口和停车场的安保人员,以及其他的措施。[ 17]
枪击
据报道,行凶者为18岁的萨尔瓦多·拉莫斯 (Salvador Ramos)。拉莫斯2004年出生,是北达科他州 人[ 18] ,就读于尤瓦尔迪高中 。据同学及朋友介绍,拉莫斯是一名異装癖 者並且有口吃 及咬舌 的毛病,经常被人欺负,也因为时常对人拳脚相加而甚少结交朋友。由于经常不来学校,拉莫斯无法如期在2022年毕业。拉莫斯曾在溫娣漢堡 打过一年零工,案发前一个月辞职。据夜班经理介绍,拉莫斯不和别人交谈。案发一年前,拉莫斯在Instagram 上晒出购物车里的自动步枪[ 19] 。根据案发三天前的Instagram贴文[ 20] [ 21] [ 22] ,5月16日18岁生日当天,拉莫斯经网络枪械零售商丹尼尔防卫 在当地的枪店买了两把半自动步枪 (AR-15突击步枪)[ 23] 。他還购买了375发子弹。[ 24]
案发当天,拉莫斯因為高中無法畢業的事情與祖母產生爭執[ 25] 並且开枪打伤了自己的祖母。[ 26] 他又在脸书上給一名網上認識的15岁的德国女孩发送了三条私人信息,表示自己将在小学发动攻击[ 27] [ 28] 。之後他身穿戰術背心[ 29] ,帶著一把手槍[ 30] 和一把AR-15突击步枪[ 31] [ 32] 並開着他祖母的卡車出門作案[ 31] [ 33] 。他先來到殡仪馆向两名在附近徒步的男子开枪,不過两人都没有受伤。[ 34] 後來兇手又開車來到小學門口並撞上了一個路障。[ 31] [ 33] 警方此時接到一通報警電話,報警者表示有一辆汽车在学校附近被撞壞,並且他看到有人带着步枪冲进学校。[ 33]
11:30(北美中部夏令时 )至11时40分之间[ 35] 。警察在兇手進入學校4分鐘後就抵達學校門口並打算進入學校,但在兇手向警察开枪后警察决定撤至學校外。[ 33] [ 36] [ 37] [ 38] 学校于11:43被封锁 ,此時學校內已傳出槍聲[ 39] 。兇手在學校大楼里待了40至60分钟[ 40] ,期间凶手闯入一间教室,并将自己和师生反锁在教室里,然后对在场的师生进行扫射。[ 41] 在警察封锁了学校外面之后,在學校外趕來的家长们恳求警察能进入大楼,不過警察拒絕,有學生父母主动提出希望能讓自己进入學校大楼。[ 42] 警方再度拒絕,並表示如果家長執意要進入學校,警方將用電擊槍 制止。[ 43] 该校的两名学生母亲因试图进入学校而被警察暫時戴上手铐。[ 44]
在兇手進入學校1個小時後,趕來增援的邊境巡邏隊戰術單位 進入學校大樓[ 45] [ 33] 並擊斃萨尔瓦多·拉莫斯,而擊斃兇手的邊境巡邏隊戰術單位 成員也被兇手打傷[ 46] [ 47] [ 48] [ 49] [ 3] [ 50] [ 51] 。
据教室内幸存的10岁学生萨利纳斯回忆,在老师说他们正处于严重封锁状态前一切如常,然后窗外传来枪声。枪手进入教室后关上了门,对众人说:“你们全都要死了。”然后开枪。先枪击了老师,再对学生开枪。萨利纳斯认为枪手瞄向了他,但在他们之间有一把椅子,子弹击中了椅子,弹片击中并嵌入了萨利纳斯的大腿,然后他装死 得以逃过一劫。他说不少其他学生也有装死。其间一个课桌中的手机开始鸣响,就在那位女生尝试关掉声音的时候,萨利纳斯听到了枪响。后来警方与枪手展开交火,然后挪开课桌解救学生。萨利纳斯说在警察将他带出教室时,他看见了老师和其他同学的尸体。[ 52]
事件时序
下列时序参照执法部门及其他消息人士说法整理[ 53] [ 54] [ 55] [ 56] ,其中部分环节在现场警方及调查人员之间存在争议[ 57] [ 58] ,具体情况会随着调查进展适时调整[ 59] 。
受害者
槍擊案造成包括枪手在内的22人死亡。死者包括19名學生和两名老師[ 51] 。其中一名已故教师被其家人确定为四年级教师。[ 71]
尤瓦尔迪纪念医院首席执行官汤姆·诺德威克(Tom Nordwick)表示,已有13名儿童被送往医院,至少3名伤员已经或将要被转移。[ 15] 其他几名受害者被送往位于圣安东尼奥 的大学医院。[ 26] 截至5月24日,三名受伤者在住院期间处于“严重情况”。[ 72] 阿博特州长说,两名警官被子弹击中,但没有受重伤。[ 73]
据报道,遇害的学生为二到四年级。[ 74]
调查
联邦调查局 和美國菸酒槍炮及爆裂物管理局 來到尤瓦尔迪协助当地警方调查枪击事件。[ 2] [ 75] 7月17日,美国得克萨斯州众议院调查委员会公布了罗布小学枪击案调查报告。當局認定罗布小学枪击案发生时,有376名执法人员赶到该小学,但执法人员抵達現場後沒有遵循標準程序,立即制服「活躍槍手」,而是在槍手開火後等待後援,优先确保自己的安全,而不是考虑拯救受害者,拖延了1小時才將兇手擊斃。當局認定多重系统性失灵和严重的决策失误導致此次槍擊案死傷慘重。[ 76] [ 77]
后续
学区最初要求家长在所有学生都完成清点后才能接孩子,导致家长被通知在下午2:00左右接孩子。此外,所有学区和校园的活动都被取消。由于校车取消,其他学校的学生家长被要求自行来接孩子。[ 17] 枪击案发生后,南德克萨斯血液和组织中心发出紧急献血请求,并通过直升机向当地所需医院运送了15单位的血液。[ 78]
CBS 取消了当晚電視劇《联邦调查局 》第四季结局的播出,其中的情节涉及了一个虚构的学校枪击事件。最後依舊在其他平台順利播出。[ 79]
一名遇害教师的丈夫在枪击发生两天后因心脏病 去世,他的家人说这与他失去妻子后的丧恸 有关,属于应激性心肌病 。[ 80]
美国总统乔·拜登和第一夫人吉尔·拜登在5月29日前往德克萨斯州的尤瓦尔迪,与在罗伯小学发生大规模枪击事件的社区、宗教领袖和受害者家属进行会面[ 81] 。
6月21日,市长宣布罗伯小学永久拆除[ 82] 。
美国全国步枪协会举办年度大会事件
举办地点的批评
在发生枪击事件的3天后,美国全国步枪协会 (NRA)于5月27日起在休斯敦 举行为期3天的年度大会和枪支展览。这是该协会自COVID-19病毒大流行 之后的3年来第一次举行大会[ 83] 。值得一提的是,这不是NRA第一次在发生枪击事件后靠近事发地点举办相似活动,在1999年科罗拉多州哥伦拜恩校园事件 大约一周后,NRA在受到广泛批评下坚持在丹佛市 举办展览。丹佛市市长威灵顿韦伯 当时直截了当地告诉NRA,他不希望该协会出现在当地,并提议支付NRA取消的费用。最后,NRA拒绝取消在丹佛市的大会,但将会议行程从3天缩短到了1天[ 84] 。
休斯顿市 政府对此面对大量反持枪团体的舆论批评。休斯顿市对长西尔维斯特·特纳 在面对巨大的舆论压力下解释,该市有义务主办NRA的活动,因该活动已签订了两年多的合约,取消大会将使休斯顿市面临许多法律问题,促请其它政治人物能停止针对该决定[ 83] 。
对大会的抗议活动
美国全国步枪协会(NRA)在休斯顿的活动吸引成千上万名已厌倦枪支暴力的抗议者和人权组织成员到场。NRA在年度演讲中表示,它为枪击事件受害者进行祈祷和反思,并承诺加倍致力于确保学校安全。但它也转移批评者针对枪支所有权的指责,也否认需要对美国大规模枪击事件负责。
美国最大的两个教师工会全国教育协会 和美国教师联盟 的许多成员聚集在大会外举行抗议,同时这两个组织都拒绝该协会和一些共和党领导人要求武装教师的呼吁。一直对枪支管制改革直言不讳的德克萨斯州民主党 候选人贝托·奥罗克 也参与抗议活动[ 85] 。美国全国有色人种协进会 批评NRA在枪击事件后依然支持持枪权 是「杀人犯」。NRA则回应批评者应该将重点放在精神疾病 或学校安全等因素上[ 86] 。
大会出席者的意见分歧
一些原计划出席全国步枪协会(NRA)的政治人物也宣布取消出席。德克萨斯州州长 格雷格·阿博特 和该州两名共和党 议员约翰·科宁 和丹·克伦肖 宣布不会出席NRA的年度大会。但德克萨斯州州长格雷格·阿博特在预先录制了一段视频中,对枪支改革的呼吁表示质疑。德克萨斯州副州长丹·帕特里克(Dan Patrick)虽然也有出席大会,但他在与NRA官员进行讨论和深思考虑后,表示为了家人着想决定不在会上发言[ 87] [ 88] 。
但也有一些政治人物表示会出席,并强烈支持拥枪权利。比如南达科他州 州长兼共和党成员克丽丝蒂·诺姆 和前总统特郎普 ,两者也是大会的主要演讲人[ 89] 。特郎普在大会演讲上呼吁应该让教师在学校内持枪,表示「从坏人手上保护孩子的方法就是让好人持枪」,并指责民主党人试图利用这场悲剧妖魔化枪支拥有者,也呼吁拜登 领导的联邦政府彻底改革学校安全和对心理健康的问题[ 90] 。尽管大会允许出席者可以持带枪支,但由于美国特勤局 的安全协议,特朗普在大会期间时不允许使用枪支。诺姆与特朗普持相同观点,表示拒绝一切限制拥有枪支的权利[ 88] [ 87] 。德克萨斯州共和党参议员泰德·克鲁兹 也对枪支权利倡导者的政治理念表示赞同,他在大会上将大规模枪击事件归咎于一种「文化病」,包括电子游戏和社交媒体等因素[ 90] 。
同时一些原定为NRA进行演出音乐剧的表演者也宣布退出,包括唐·麥克林 、拉里·加特林 、拉里·斯图尔特 、T·格雷厄姆·布朗 和李·格林伍德 ,他们同声表示NRA在此敏感时刻举行年度大会是「不尊重枪击事件的遇难者和家属」[ 91] [ 92] [ 93] 。也有一些枪支制造商宣布退出[ 92] 。
反应
停職
2022年6月下旬,尤瓦尔迪学区警察局长佩德罗·皮特·阿雷东多(Pedro "Pete" Arredondo)被停职调查。7月17日,尤瓦尔迪警察局代理局长马里亚诺·帕尔加斯(Mariano Pargas)被暂时停职。[ 94]
政界
民间
另见
参考文献
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^ Ballard, Moriah; Arnold, Robert; Diaz, Mario. SUSPECT INFO: New details obtained about 18-year-old shooter who officials say killed 19 students, 2 adults at Texas elementary school . KPRC. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-25).
^ 美高中生闯小学枪杀21人:作案前合法买2支突击步枪、375发子弹 . [2022-05-26 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-09).
^ Sollenberger, Roger; Olding, Rachel; Bredderman, William. School Drop-Out Gave Warning on Facebook Minutes Before Uvalde Massacre . The Daily Beast. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-25).
^ 26.0 26.1 Salinas, Rebecca. 15 killed in shooting at Uvalde elementary school; gunman dead, Gov. Abbott says . KSAT-TV . 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24).
^ 州长:德州枪击案作案者预告自己要杀人 . [2022-05-26 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-09).
^ Texas Governor: 15 Killed in School Shooting; Gunman Dead . VOA. [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24) (英语) .
^ Ballard, Moriah; Arnold, Robert; Diaz, Mario. Suspect info: New details obtained about 18-year-old shooter who officials say killed 19 students, 2 adults at Texas elementary school . KPRC-TV . 2022-05-24 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-25).
^ Martinez, Christian; Hennessy-Fiske, Molly; Jarvie, Jenny. 19 children and 2 adults die in Texas school shooting . Los Angeles Times. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-25).
^ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Tebor, Celina. Alleged Texas school shooting gunman identified: What we know about the suspect, his motive and more. . USA Today. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-25).
^ Van Dyke, Stacie. Lawmaker says Texas school shooter originally from North Dakota . KVLY-TV . 2022-05-24 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-25).
^ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 At least 2 dead, suspect in custody after shooter reported at Texas school - National | Globalnews.ca . Global News. [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24) (美国英语) .
^ Coronado, Acacia; Vertuno, Jim; Spagat, Elliot. Onlookers urged police to charge into Texas school . Associated Press . 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-25).
^ 德州枪击案更多细节:遇害教师家人是执法人员 亲眼目睹爱人和母亲死去 . news.ifeng.com. [2022-05-27 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-09).
^ Texas shooting: 19 children among dead in primary school attack . BBC News. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24) (英国英语) .
^ Reilly, Katie. What We Know So Far About the Elementary School Shooting in Uvalde, Texas . Time. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24) (英语) .
^ Live updates: 14 students, 1 teacher killed after shooter opens fire at Texas elementary school (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) CBS News
^ Stringini, Mary. Uvalde, Texas elementary school shooting: 16 dead, including 14 kids, Abbott says . WJBK . 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24).
^ Fechter, Joshua; Oxner, Reese. Authorities took an hour to stop Uvalde gunman, raising questions about law enforcement response . The Texas Tribune. 2022-05-26 [2022-05-26 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-26).
^ 美得州小学枪击案细节:枪手反锁教室,进行扫射 . 澎湃新聞. [2022-05-26 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-13).
^ Ankel, Sophie. Bystanders were so fed up with police standing outside Robb Elementary School during the shooting they considered storming the building themselves, report says . Insider. 2022-05-26 [2022-05-26 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-26).
^ Sessions, Kennedy. Report: Cops Waited Outside for 40 Minutes During the Uvalde Shooting . Texas Signal. 2022-05-26 [2022-05-26 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-26).
^ William Cohen, Trace. Texas Shooting Gunman Entered School 'Unobstructed,' Concerned Parent Was Reportedly Handcuffed . Complex. 2022-05-26 [2022-05-26 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-26).
^ Carson, Dan. Live updates: DPS confirms tactical team took 'approximately an hour' to arrive and kill Robb Elementary gunman . Houston Chronicle. 2022-05-26 [2022-05-27 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-26).
^ Osborne, Mark; Deliso, Meredith. At least 19 children, 2 adults dead after shooting at Texas elementary school . ABC News. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-24).
^ At least 2 children dead in 'active shooter' incident at Texas elementary school . ABC News. [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24) (英语) .
^ McBride, Jessica. Salvador Ramos: Suspect in Uvalde Elementary School Shooting . Heavy.com. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24) (美国英语) .
^ 14 students, 1 teacher killed after shooter opens fire at Texas elementary school . CBS News. [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24) (美国英语) .
^ Scribner, Herb. 14 students, teacher dead in Texas elementary school shooting, Abbott says . Axios. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24) (英语) .
^ 51.0 51.1 Gunman at a Texas elementary school kills 19 students and two adults before being fatally shot, officials say . CNN. [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24) (英语) .
^ News, A. B. C. Student who survived Texas school shooting recalls gunman saying: 'You're all gonna die' . ABC News. [2022-05-27 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-20) (英语) .
^ 53.00 53.01 53.02 53.03 53.04 53.05 53.06 53.07 53.08 53.09 53.10 53.11 53.12 53.13 53.14 53.15 53.16 Jacobo, Julia; El-bawab, Nadine. Timeline: How the shooting at a Texas elementary school unfolded . ABC News. 2022-05-28 [2022-05-28 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-06-25).
^ 54.0 54.1 Alvarez, Priscilla; Levinson, Eric; Langmaid, Virginia; Prokupecz, Shimon; Neus, Nora. Gunman in Texas school massacre emerged from closet as Border Patrol agents moved in, source says . CNN. 2022-05-27 [2022-05-28 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-27).
^ DeRosa, Anthony. Texas School Shooting: A Timeline of Events . The Wall Street Journal. 2022-05-28 [2022-05-28 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-27).
^ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 Chute, Nate. 74 minutes, 8 seconds: Inside the police response to the Uvalde shooting . Austin American-Statesman. 2022-06-21 [2022-06-25 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-07-12).
^ Katersky, Aaron; Margolin, Josh; Hutchinson, Bill. Police didn't try to open doors to Uvalde classrooms with shooter inside: Source . WCMY. 2022-06-19 [2022-06-19 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-07-17) (英语) .
^ 58.0 58.1 Uvalde schools police chief: I didn't know I was in charge at the shooting scene . CBS News. 2022-06-10 [2022-06-19 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-06-20).
^ Beeferman, Jason. Texas House kicks off inquiry into Uvalde shooting behind closed doors . The Texas Tribune. 2022-06-09 [2022-06-13 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-06-14) (英语) .
^ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Jacobo, Julia. Uvalde school shooting timeline: How deadly school shooting unfolded . WTVD. 2022-05-27 [2022-05-30 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-27) –通过ABC News.
^ Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas. The Texas gunman texted a friend that he had shot his grandmother and was about to 'shoot up' a school. . The New York Times. 2022-05-25 [2022-06-06 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-06-11) (英语) .
^ Smith, Hayley; Rector, Kevin; Winton, Richard; Jarvie, Jenny. Texas school shooting timeline: More than 1 hour of police inaction as children, parents pleaded . Los Angeles Times. 2022-05-25 [2022-06-08 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-06-09).
^ Vertuno, Jim. Texas police: Teacher closed propped-open door before attack . Associated Press. 2022-06-01 [2022-06-01 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-06-01).
^ Hollingsworth, Heather. Unlocked doors were 'first line of defense' at Uvalde school . Associated Press. 2022-06-23 [2022-06-24 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-06-23).
^ Plohetski, Tony; Lindell, Chuck. Exclusive: Officers arrived at Uvalde school with rifles, ballistic shield 19 minutes after gunman . Austin American Statesman. 2022-06-20 [2022-06-21 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-06-25).
^ Langford, Terri. " If there's kids in there, we need to go in": Officers in Uvalde were ready with guns, shields and tools — but not clear orders . The Texas Tribune. 2022-06-20 [2022-06-25 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-06-25).
^ Hernández, Arelis; Bella, Timothy; Berman, Mark. Armed Uvalde officers waited for key to unlocked door, official says . The Washington Post. 2022-06-21 [2022-06-25 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-06-21).
^ Diaz, Jaclyn; Neel, Joe; Treisman, Rachel. Texas Gov. Greg Abbott says he was 'misled' about the Uvalde shooting police response . NPR. 2022-05-27 [2022-05-28 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-27). By 12:03 p.m., about 19 officers were gathered in the hallway outside the classroom. This was after the majority of shooting has ceased, so the incident commander believed the situation transitioned from an active shooter situation to a barricaded subject situation, McCraw said, so that's why officers didn't go in. 'In fact there was plenty of officers to do whatever needed to be done', but they were operating under the orders of the incident commander, he said.
^ Lindell, Chuck. ' It was the wrong decision'. Officers didn't enter Uvalde classroom as kids kept calling 911 . Austin American-Statesman. 2022-05-27 [2022-05-27 ] . ISSN 1553-8451 . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-27). Nineteen police officers were massed outside the Uvalde classroom where a gunman was, but they were stopped from trying to break through the locked door by an incident commander who believed no more lives were at risk. 'There were plenty of officers to do what needed to be done, with one exception, is that the incident commander inside believed he needed more equipment and more officers to do a tactical breach at that time', he added.
^ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 Collins, Keith; Sun, Albert; Lutz, Eleanor; Buchanan, Larry. 78 Long Minutes . The New York Times. 2022-05-28 [2022-05-30 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-05-29).
^ Teacher killed in Texas school shooting identified: What we know about victims . ABC13 Houston. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25) (英语) .
^ Yancey-Bragg, N'dea; Hughes, Trevor; Kenning, Chris. ' Tragic and senseless': At least 15 killed in Texas elementary school shooting; death toll feared to be higher . USA Today. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24).
^ Fourteen students and one teacher killed in Texas school shooting, governor says . The Guardian. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24) (英语) .
^ As it happened: Texas school shooting latest: Eighteen students killed . BBC News. [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-17) (英国英语) .
^ Two Texas children reportedly dead following school shooting-latest . The Independent. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24) (英语) .
^ Despart, Zach. “Systemic failures” in Uvalde shooting went far beyond local police, Texas House report details . The Texas Tribune. 2022年7月17日 [2023年3月30日] . (原始内容存档 于2022年7月17日).
^ Nearly 400 officers were in Uvalde before the gunman was killed, a new report finds . Associated Press . [2023-03-30 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-07-17).
^ King, Cody. Uvalde elementary shooting: How to help, where to donate blood . KSAT. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24) (英语) .
^ White, Peter. CBS Pulls ‘FBI’ Season Finale After Tragic School Shooting In Texas . Deadline. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24) (美国英语) .
^ News, A. B. C. Husband of teacher killed at Texas elementary school shooting dies . ABC News. [2022-05-27 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-21) (英语) .
^ 存档副本 . [2022-05-29 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-13).
^ Uvalde shooting: Robb Elementary School to be demolished - mayor . BBC News. 2022-06-22 [2022-06-24 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-06-22).
^ 83.0 83.1 ' We simply cannot cancel' | Mayor Turner says NRA meeting will go on as scheduled . khou.com. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-28 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-07) (美国英语) .
^ Texas NRA summit after Uvalde shooting echoes Columbine aftermath . Washington Post. [2022-05-28 ] . ISSN 0190-8286 (美国英语) .
^ Cochrane, Emily; Edmondson, Catie. Senators Grasp for a Bipartisan Gun Deal, Facing Long Odds . The New York Times. 2022-05-26 [2022-05-28 ] . ISSN 0362-4331 . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-26) (美国英语) .
^ Thrush, Glenn. At N.R.A. Convention, the Blame Is on ‘Evil,’ Not Guns . The New York Times. 2022-05-28 [2022-05-28 ] . ISSN 0362-4331 . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-28) (美国英语) .
^ 87.0 87.1 Lozano, Juan. NRA speakers unshaken on gun rights after school massacre . KSTP.com Eyewitness News. 2022-05-27 [2022-05-28 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-14) (美国英语) .
^ 88.0 88.1 https://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times. NRA forges ahead with convention in Houston; Trump vows to attend the event Friday . The Washington Times. [2022-05-28 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-05) (美国英语) .
^ Press, The Associated. The NRA says its Houston convention will 'reflect on' the Uvalde school shooting . NPR. 2022-05-26 [2022-05-28 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-08) (英语) .
^ 90.0 90.1 CNN, Eric Bradner and Jeff Zeleny. Trump, other Republicans reject gun reforms at NRA convention that showcases nation's split . CNN. [2022-05-28 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-28).
^ Don McLean pulls out of Texas gun convention . BBC News. 2022-05-26 [2022-05-28 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-21) (英国英语) .
^ 92.0 92.1 Leimkuehler, Matthew. Larry Gatlin, Lee Greenwood withdraw from NRA convention after Texas shooting . The Tennessean. [2022-05-28 ] (美国英语) .
^ Brisco, Elise. Don McLean, Lee Greenwood, T. Graham Brown, withdraw their NRA performances after Texas shooting . USA TODAY. [2022-05-28 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-04) (美国英语) .
^ 美国得州尤瓦尔迪警察局代理局长因罗布小学枪击案被停职 . [2022-07-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-07-18).
^ Garcia, Eric. Biden briefed on elementary school massacre in Uvalde, Texas . The Independent. [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24).
^ Reuters. Biden to speak on Texas school shooting Tuesday night . Reuters. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24) (英语) .
^ Morin, Rebecca. ' Enough is enough': Biden calls on lawmakers to take action after Uvalde school shooting . USA TODAY. [2022-05-28 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-15) (美国英语) .
^ Johnson, Ted. Joe Biden Addresses Texas School Massacre: “When In God’s Name Are We Going To Stand Up To The Gun Lobby?” . Deadline. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-03) (美国英语) .
^ Biden addresses deadly Texas school shooting, orders flags flown at half-staff . CBS News. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-24).
^ Shear, Michael. The White House on Tuesday released a photo of President Biden talking to Gov. Greg Abbott of Texas aboard Air Force One. . The New York Times . 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25).
^ O'Kane, Caitlin. Notable politicans talk about the Uvalde shooting . cbsnews. [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25).
^ Montague, Zach. Senator Mitch McConnell, the Republican leader, tweeted that the shooting had left him "horrified and heartbroken." . The New York Times . 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25).
^ Cochrane, Emily. Senator Susan Collins, Republican of Maine, described the attack as an "unbelievably tragic and horrible crime," and expressed support for so-called "red flag laws" that help restrict potentially violent individuals from accessing firearms. . The New York Times . 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25).
^ Stevenson, Stefan. How do you sleep at night?’ Texas Sen. Ted Cruz faces backlash after Uvalde shooting . Fort Worth Star Telegram. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25).
^ " Grief overwhelms the soul": Politicians and celebrities react to Texas elementary school mass shooting . www.cbsnews.com. [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25) (美国英语) .
^ Reuters. ' How many more lives?': Reactions to Texas school shooting . Reuters. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25) (英语) .
^ Trudeau: 'My heart breaks' for victims of shooting . CTVNews. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25) (英语) .
^ Boris Johnson and Keir Starmer pay tribute to Texas shooting victims in Commons . The Independent. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25).
^ Da Silva, Chantal. Zelenskyy offers condolences, shared pain after Texas school shooting . NBC News. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25).
^ France President Emmanuel Macron Condemns Texas School Shooting . NDTV. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25).
^ Israeli PM Offers Condolences After Texas Gunman Kills 21 at Elementary School . Haaretz. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25).
^ ‘Enough is enough’: Texas shooting spurs pleas for gun control . Al Jazeera. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25).
^ Pope 'Heartbroken' by Texas School Shooting, Calls for Gun Control . VOA. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25).
^ World, Republic. UN chief 'deeply saddened' by heinous mass shooting at Texas school, extends condolences . Republic World. [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25) (英语) .
^ Hooper, Kelly. Trump champions gun rights in NRA speech days after Uvalde school shooting . POLITICO. 2022-05-27 [2022-05-30 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-21) (英语) .
^ 116.0 116.1 Knutson, Jacob. Trump calls for hardened school security systems that Uvalde elementary already had . Axios. 2022-05-28 [2022-05-30 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-13) (英语) .
^ Livingston, Abby. U.S. Senate gives final approval to bipartisan gun bill in response to Uvalde school shooting . The Texas Tribune. 2022-06-24 [2022-06-24 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-09-01) (英语) .
^ Oshin, Olafimihan. Father of Parkland victim responds to Texas shooting: ‘I am very angry’ . The Hill. 2022-05-24 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25) (美国英语) .
^ Local lawmakers on gun violence: ‘Enough is enough’ . Daily Local. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-04) (美国英语) .
^ Sandy Hook families speak out after Uvalde school shooting . The Guardian. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25).
^ 环球网. 19名小学生殒命,NBA球队主教练哽咽指责:我们被那些参议员绑架了! . finance.sina.com.cn. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-26 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-06-09).
^ Chappell, Bill. NBA coach Steve Kerr calls out 50 senators on a bipartisan gun background check law . NPR. 2022-05-25 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-25).
^ Kertscher, Tom. Support for universal background checks on gun buyers is near 90% . PolitiFact. 2021-03-15 [2022-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2022-05-16).