小猪笼草

小猪笼草
产自马来西亚登嘉樓州的小猪笼草，示其捕虫笼
保护状况
无危（IUCN 3.1）[1]
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真双子叶植物 Eudicots
目：	石竹目 Caryophyllales
科：	猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae
属：	猪笼草属 Nepenthes
种：	小猪笼草 N. gracilis
二名法
Nepenthes gracilis Korth. (1839)[2]
異名
同物异名 Nepenthes angustifolia Mast. (1881)[3] Nepenthes distillatoria auct. non L.: Jack (1835) Nepenthes distillatoria auct. non L.: Wall. (1828) [=N. distillatoria/N. gracilis] Nepenthes korthalsiana Miq. (1858) Nepenthes laevis Lindl. (1848) Nepenthes laevis Korth. ex Hook.f. in DC. (1873) Nepenthes longinodis Beck (1895)[4][4] Nepenthes obrieniana Linden & Rodigas (1890) nom.ambiguum [=?N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana × N. hirsuta ×  N. distillatoria/N. gracilis/N. mirabilis] Nepenthes teysmanniana Miq. (1858) [=N. albomarginata/N. gracilis]

小猪笼草（学名：Nepenthes gracilis）广布于东南亚低地的热带食虫植物。[5]其种加词来源于拉丁文“gracilis”，意为“细长的”。小猪笼草存在于马来西亚、新加坡、印尼苏门答腊及泰国。[6][7][8][9][10]该物种的海拔分布范围也很广，为海拔0至1100米[11]（少数甚至可达1700米[12]），但其大部分都分布于海拔100米以下的地区，极少数植株存在于海拔1000米以上的地区。[12]尽管其分布非常的广泛，但关于小猪笼草的自然杂交种却很少见。

彼得·威廉·科萨尔在1839年发表的专著《关于猪笼草属》中对小猪笼草进行了正式的描述。[2]

产自菲律宾的源小猪笼草（N. abgracilis）由于与小猪笼草非常相似而得名。[13]

食虫性

小猪笼草的捕虫笼相对比较普通，唇非常窄小。但其捕虫笼笼盖下表面却存在着参差不齐的蜡质层，该特征可能是猪笼草属内唯一的。该蜡质层与捕虫笼内表面蜡质区的蜡质层厚度不一且结构也完全不同。，该蜡质层在下暴雨时会增加昆虫在笼盖下表面的附着难度，使昆虫容易受雨滴撞击而落入捕虫笼内，从而该蜡质层成为小猪笼草捕获猎物机制的一部分[14]。科學家透過X光分析小猪笼草，發現籠蓋與植株間有個特別脆弱的點，該點被雨滴擊中時會塌陷，連帶使笼盖往下彈，讓獵物落入捕蟲籠後以特定方式復原。這是其近親莱佛士猪笼草沒有的機制。[15]

左：粉拟黑多刺蚁（Polyrhachis pruinosa）与小猪笼草的上位笼（B与A），示其捕虫笼内表面的蜡质区及笼盖下表面的蜡质层

中：小猪笼草捕虫笼内表面蜡质区（A与B）与捕虫笼下表面蜡质层（C与D）的扫描电子显微镜照片

右：小猪笼草捕虫笼内表面蜡质区、捕虫笼下表面蜡质层及唇在干燥时、下雨时及潮湿时的捕虫效率

在实验条件下小猪笼草的捕虫试验[14]

• 蚂蚁被模拟的降雨从笼盖下表面的蜡质区击落
• 在笼盖下表面放置一个回形针的对照试验
• 高速摄影展示家蝇（Musca domestica）被雨滴击落入捕虫笼的过程（录像帧频：428 s^−1，播放帧频10 s^−1）

分布范围

位于西马来西亚彭亨的小猪笼草原生地

小猪笼草分布广泛，存在于婆罗洲、西马来西亚、新加坡、苏拉威西中部、苏门答腊及泰国南部。[6]其也存在于许多小型岛屿中，包括邦加島、巴圖群島、勿里洞岛[16]望加丽岛、兰塔岛、达鲁岛、纳闽岛[17]、浮罗交怡、孟德尔岛、明打威群島（西比路島）、美兰地群岛（巴東島、朗桑島、直名丁宜島）、马萨拉岛、尼亞斯島、槟榔屿、廖内群岛（林加群島、納土納群島[18]、廖内岛）、魯帕島。[19]

相关物种

2001年，查尔斯·克拉克对来自苏门答腊岛和西马来西亚的猪笼草进行了分支系统学分析，共利用了70个形态特征。以下为猪笼草进化树的“第6分支”。[20]

	unnamed   小猪笼草     两眼猪笼草     unnamed     多巴猪笼草        79%   昂嘎桑猪笼草     迈克猪笼草

种下类群

尽管小猪笼草的可变性较小[20]，但其还是存在着大量的种下类群。但大部分命名都不是有效的。

• Nepenthes gracilis f. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Westphal (1993)
• Nepenthes gracilis var. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)
• Nepenthes gracilis var. arenaria Ridl. ex Macf. (1908)[21]
• Nepenthes gracilis var. elongata Bl. (1852)
• Nepenthes gracilis var. longinodis Beck (1895)[4]
• Nepenthes gracilis var. major Hort.Lindsay ex Dixon (1889)
• Nepenthes gracilis var. teysmanniana (Miq.) Beck (1895)[4]

自然杂交种

以下是已发现的关于小猪笼草的自然杂交种。

• N. albomarginata × N. gracilis
• N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=N. × trichocarpa][22]
• (N. ampullaria × N. gracilis) × N. bicalcarata [=N. × trichocarpa × N. bicalcarata]
• N. bicalcarata × N. gracilis [=N. × cantleyi][22]
• ? N. eustachya × N. gracilis[6]
• N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?][6][22][23]
• N. gracilis × N. northiana [=N. × bauensis][24]
• N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana[22][22][25][26]
• N. gracilis × N. reinwardtiana[20]
• N. gracilis × N. sumatrana[6]

• 
  白环猪笼草与小猪笼草的自然杂交种
• 
  毛果猪笼草
• 
  坎特利猪笼草
• 
  ？真穗猪笼草与小猪笼草的自然杂交种
• 
  沙礼花－哈萨猪笼草
• 
  石龙门猪笼草
• 
  小猪笼草与莱佛士猪笼草的自然杂交种
• 
  小猪笼草与苏门答腊猪笼草的自然杂交种

参考文献

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• 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中小猪笼草的照片 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）。

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