天后(英語:Queen of Heaven,也称作天之元后、天之女主人、天界的女王、天上的皇后)是古代地中海和近东地区所崇拜的许多古代天空女神的称号。已知被冠以这个称号的女神包括伊南娜(伊絲塔)、阿纳特、伊西斯、努特、阿斯塔蒂,可能还有亚舍拉(由先知耶利米所述)。在希腊罗马时代,赫拉和朱诺也拥有“天后”这个头衔。崇拜的形式和内容各不相同。
^Pryke, Louise M. (2017), Ishtar, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-138--86073-5
^Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, London, England: The British Museum Press, ISBN 0-7141-1705-6
^Wolkstein, Diane and Noah Kramer, Samuel, "Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth" - a modern, poetic reinterpretation of Inanna myths
^Wolkstein, Diane, and Samuel Noah Kramer. Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer. Harper &Row, Publishers, 1983, New York.
^Harris, Rivkah (1991), "Inanna-Ishtar as Paradox and a Coincidence of Opposites" (History of Religions, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Feb., 1991)), pp. 261-278
^Rubio, Gonzalo (1999), "On the Alleged "Pre-Sumerian Substratum" (Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 51, 1999 (1999)), pp. 1-16
^Wolkstein, Diane and Samuel Noah Kramer. Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer. Harper and Row, Publishers, 1983, New York. (Page 55)
^Bruce, F. F. (1941), "Babylon and Rome" (The Evangelical Quarterly, Vol. 13, (Oct. 15, 1941)), pp. 241-261
^Smith, Mark S, The early history of God : Yahweh and the other deities in ancient Israel 2nd, Grand Rapids WI: William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., 3 August 2002 (2002), ISBN 0-8028-3972-X请检查|publication-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Dr. Raphael Patai: "The Hebrew Goddess": Duke University Press: third edition
^Day, John. Yahweh and the gods and goddesses of Canaan. Continuum International Publishing Group - Sheffie (26 Dec 2002). ISBN978-0-8264-6830-7, p. 146.
^Bruce, F. F. (1941), "Babylon and Rome" (The Evangelical Quarterly, Vol. 13, (Oct. 15, 1941)), p. 245