^ 1.01.1Kermeli, Eugenia. Osman I. Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (编). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. 2009: 444. Reliable information regarding Osman is scarce. His birth date is unknown and his symbolic significance as the father of the dynasty has encouraged the development of mythic tales regarding the ruler’s life and origins
^ 3.03.1Lindner, Rudi P. Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1983: 21. No source provides a firm and factual recounting of the deeds of Osman's father.
^Shaw, Stanford. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. 1976: 13. The problem of Ottoman origins has preoccupied students of history, but because of both the absence of contemporary source materials and conflicting accounts written subsequent to the events there seems to be no basis for a definitive statement. The traditional account relates that the ancestor of the dynasty was one Gündüz Beg, leader of the Kayı tribe of Turcomans...
^Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354-1804, By Peter F. Sugar, pg.14