史瓦帝語

史瓦濟語
SiSwati
母语国家和地区 斯威士兰 南非 賴索托 莫桑比克
母语使用人数
200萬(1996–2006)[1]
語系
文字拉丁字母(史瓦濟語字母表)
南非盲文英语Swazi Braille
南非手工編碼語言英语Manually coded language in South Africa
官方地位
作为官方语言 斯威士兰
 南非
語言代碼
ISO 639-1ss
ISO 639-2ssw
ISO 639-3ssw
Glottologswat1243[2]
格思里代码S.43[3]
语言瞭望站99-AUT-fe
史瓦濟語
个人liSwati
族群emaSwati
语言siSwati
国家eSwatini
史瓦濟語在南非的分布:以史瓦濟語為母語的人口比例
史瓦濟語在南非的分布:以以史瓦濟語為母語的人口密度

史瓦濟語siSwati[siswatʼi])屬於班圖語支,在非洲南部的使用者約300萬,主要為史瓦帝尼南非史瓦帝人。史瓦濟語和英语同為史瓦帝尼的官方语言,也是南非的11種官方語言之一,在史瓦帝尼和南非普馬蘭加省(特別是原卡恩格瓦尼地區)的學校中教授。

史瓦濟語的母語使用者大多稱本語言為Swati,但英語、西班牙语等語言中卻稱其為Swazi。史瓦濟語與特克拉(Tekela)語支中的其他語言最為接近,但與尊達(Zunda)語支的祖鲁语南恩德貝萊語北恩德貝萊語科萨语等語言也較接近。

方言

史瓦帝尼境內的史瓦濟語(eSwatini)可分為4種方言,對應該國4個行政區:霍霍盧邦博曼齊尼希塞盧韋尼

史瓦濟語至少有2個變種:史瓦帝尼北部、中部和西南部主要說標準史瓦濟語,其餘地區說另一變種。

在史瓦帝尼極南部,尤其是恩赫蘭加諾赫拉蒂庫盧,當地的史瓦濟語受祖鲁语影響極大,包括說這種方言的人在內,也不被認可它是「標準」的史瓦濟語,只承認是該國境內另一種方言。而南非的普馬蘭加省索韦托也有數量可觀的人說史瓦濟語,但在史瓦帝尼境內的該語言使用者看來,這也只是非標準的史瓦濟語。

與史瓦帝尼南部的方言不同,普馬蘭加省的方言受祖魯語影響較小,因此更接近標準史瓦濟語。但該方言與標準史瓦濟語的語調聲調差異較大,在斯威士蘭人看來,普馬蘭加省的語調(非正式說法稱為「重音」)聽來不和諧。該方言中呈現出受南非境內接近史瓦濟語的其他語言影響的痕迹。

標準史瓦濟語的特徵是緩慢、用力的皇家風格的吐字,被戲稱為有「甜美」感。

音系

元音

史瓦濟語元音
前元音 中元音 後元音
閉元音 i u
央元音 ɛ ɔ
開元音 a

輔音

史瓦濟語並不區分搭嘴音的發音部位,每個搭嘴音都可能是齒搭嘴音[ǀ])或齒齦搭嘴音英语alveolar clicks[ǃ])。但史瓦濟語區分发音方法,包括不送氣音、送氣音、清濁音、鼻音和送氣鼻音。

其他輔音有/ɓ, bʱ, ɡ, kʰ, kʼ, n/[4]

史瓦濟語輔音
齒齦 齒齦後 軟顎 聲門
中央 中央
搭嘴音 普通 ǀ ᵑǀ
清送氣 ǀʰ ᵑǀʰ
濁送氣 ᶢǀʱ ᵑǀʱ
鼻音 濁送氣 n̤ʱ ndʒʱ
普通 m n ɲ ŋ, ŋɡ
塞音 擠喉音 k̬, kʼ
清送氣
濁送氣 ɡʱ
內爆音 ɓ
塞擦音 清音 tf tsʼ, tsʰ kʼˡ
濁音 dv mɓ, mbʱ dz dʒʱ
擦音 清音 f s ɬ ʃ h
濁送氣 ɮ ʒ ɦ
近音 w l j

輔音/ts k ng mb/分別有兩種同位異音/ts//k/有可能為擠喉音(/tsʼ//kʼ/),但他們最常出現的形式為/tsʰ//k̬//ng//mb/在音節首時會轉變為/ŋ//mbʱ/,而在音節中則為/ŋɡ//mɓ/[4]

語法

名詞

史瓦濟語的名詞(libito)由前綴(sicalo)和詞幹(umsuka)兩部分組成。使用前綴可將名詞歸為名詞組,與班圖語支的其他語言相比,這些名詞組可用數字連續編號。

下表給出史瓦濟語中名詞組的概況,按單數、複數的組合排列。

單數 複數
1/2 um(u)-1 ba-, be-
1a/2a Ø- bo-
3/4 um(u)-1 imi-
5/6 li- ema-
7/8 s(i)-2 t(i)-2
9/10 iN-3 tiN-3
11/10 lu-, lw-
14 bu-, b-, tj-
15 ku-

1在單音節詞幹前,umu-取代um-,例如umuntfu(人,單數)。

2在元音開頭的詞幹前,s-t-分別取代si-ti-,例如sandla/tandla(手,前者單數,後者複數)。

3前綴iN-tiN-中的佔位符N表示字母mn或沒有字母。

例文

世界人权宣言第一條為例,以下是史瓦濟語文本:

Bonkhe bantfu batalwa bakhululekile balingana ngalokufananako ngesitfunti nangemalungelo. Baphiwe ingcondvo nekucondza kanye nanembeza ngakoke bafanele batiphatse nekutsi baphatse nalabanye ngemoya webuzalwane.[5][6]

宣言中文本:

人人生而自由,在尊嚴和權利上一律平等。他們賦有理性和良心,並應以兄弟關係的精神相對待。[7]

參考

  1. ^ 史瓦濟語于《民族语》的链接(第17版,2013年)
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Swati. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  3. ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Taljaard, Khumalo, Bosch, van Schaik (1991) Handbook of SiSwati
  5. ^ Swati (siSwati). Omniglot.com. [2014-07-15]. (原始内容存档于2014-06-24). (英文)(其中宣言為史瓦濟語)
  6. ^ Seswati. Eatoni.com. [2014-07-15]. (原始内容存档于2012-06-16). (英文)(其中宣言為史瓦濟語)
  7. ^ s:世界人權宣言

外部連結

軟體

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