内化种族主义也在威廉·E·克罗斯(William E. Cross)于1971年提出的黑人化模型(Nigrescence model)中得到了探讨。该模型解释了非裔美国人内化种族主义的表现,即认为白人文化价值观优于他们自己的文化价值观。克罗斯写道:“这种需求的驱动力要求非裔美国人在所有活动中寻求白人的认可,以白人的期望作为衡量什么是好的、可取的或必要的标准。”这种信念可以通过黑人个体在不受白人影响的情况下自我确定身份来纠正。[11]
内化种族主义表现为种族内和种族间的歧视。 作为种族内情况的一个例子,Karen Pyke 使用术语“防御性的他者”来描述个人或集体的行为,这种行为使自己远离自己种族中与负面刻板印象更为接近的成员。[1] 防御性的其他行为包括在亚裔美国人中使用贬义词“ FOB”(“fresh off boat”的简称)。 虽然对亚裔新移民的种族主义既不是移民本身的错,也不是其他亚裔美国人的错,但移民往往因为内在的种族主义而受到其共同种族成员的社会排斥。[1]
就非主流种族群体之间的种族歧视而言,罗伯特 · E · 华盛顿(Robert E. Washington)讨论了“棕色种族主义”,这是他对全球范围内有色人种对黑人的偏见的术语。[22] 通过埃及、中国、印度和其他地区的例子,华盛顿指出,通过内化种族主义,有色人种在再现白人的理想化形象和贬低黑人的价值。内化种族主义不仅限于对自己群体的负面态度和信念:人们也可以内化针对其他种族的种族主义。[22]
亚裔美国人也受到内化种族主义的影响,研究人员创建了亚裔美国人内化种族主义量表(Internalized Racism in Asian Americans Scale,简称IRAAS),以确定亚裔美国人接受负面刻板印象的程度。[39] 研究结果显示,心理健康与亚裔美国人接受不利种族刻板印象的程度之间存在相关性。这些影响包括自尊心降低、抑郁症状和普遍的心理困扰。[40]
^ 1.01.11.21.31.41.51.6Pyke, Karen D. What is Internalized Racial Oppression and Why Don't We Study It? Acknowledging Racism's Hidden Injuries. Sociological Perspectives. December 2010, 53 (4): 551–572. S2CID 43997467. doi:10.1525/sop.2010.53.4.551.引用错误:带有name属性“:0”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
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^ 3.03.13.23.3Mouzon, Dawne M.; McLean, Jamila S. Internalized racism and mental health among African-Americans, US-born Caribbean Blacks, and foreign-born Caribbean Blacks. Ethnicity & Health. 28 June 2016, 22 (1): 36–48. PMID 27354264. S2CID 4628237. doi:10.1080/13557858.2016.1196652.引用错误:带有name属性“:14”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
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^Bianchi, Fernanda T.; Zea, Maria Cecilia; Belgrave, Faye Z.; Echeverry, John J. Racial identity and self-esteem among Black Brazilian men: Race matters in Brazil too!. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2002, 8 (2): 157–169. ISSN 1099-9809. PMID 11987592. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.8.2.157.
^ 12.012.112.212.3Garcia, Gabriel M.; David, E. J. R.; Mapaye, Joy C. Internalized racial oppression as a moderator of the relationship between experiences of racial discrimination and mental distress among Asians and Pacific Islanders.. Asian American Journal of Psychology. 2018-07-23, 10 (2): 103–112. ISSN 1948-1993. S2CID 149960155. doi:10.1037/aap0000124.引用错误:带有name属性“:13”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
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^Rice, Julian. "It Was Their Own Fault for Being Intractable": Internalized Racism and Wounded Knee. American Indian Quarterly. 1998, 22 (1/2): 63–82. JSTOR 1185108.
^ 27.027.1Osajima, K. (1993). "The hidden injuries of race." In L.Revilla, G. Nomura, S. Wong, & S. Hune (Eds.), Bearing dreams, shaping visions: Asian Pacific American perspectives. p. 81–91. Pullman, WA: Washington State University Press.
^ 28.028.1Tuan, Mia. 2001. Forever Foreigners or Honorary Whites? The Asian Ethnic Experience Today. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 84.
^Trieu, Monica M.; Lee, Hana C. Asian Americans and Internalized Racial Oppression: Identified, Reproduced, and Dismantled. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity. 2018, 4 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1177/2332649217725757.
^Graham, Jessica R.; West, Lindsey M.; Martinez, Jennifer; Roemer, Lizabeth. The mediating role of internalized racism in the relationship between racist experiences and anxiety symptoms in a Black American sample. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology. July 2016, 22 (3): 369–376. ISSN 1099-9809. PMID 26750994. doi:10.1037/cdp0000073.
^Choi, Andrew Young; Israel, Tania; Maeda, Hotaka. Development and evaluation of the Internalized Racism in Asian Americans Scale (IRAAS). Journal of Counseling Psychology. January 2017, 64 (1): 52–64. ISSN 0022-0167. PMID 28068131. S2CID 8933950. doi:10.1037/cou0000183.
^Keum, Brian TaeHyuk; Brady, Jennifer L.; Sharma, Rajni; Lu, Yun; Kim, Young Hwa; Thai, Christina J. Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale for Asian American Women: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology. October 2018, 65 (5): 571–585. ISSN 0022-0167. PMID 30058827. S2CID 51864554. doi:10.1037/cou0000305.
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^Weinblatt, Marc; Harrison, Cheryl. CHAPTER TWO: Theatre of the Oppressor: Working with Privilege Toward Social Justice. Counterpoints. 2011, 416: 21–31. JSTOR 42981325.