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克里斯托弗·麦凯
Christopher McKay
克里斯托弗·麦凯; Christopher McKay
	攝於2005年
出生	Christopher P. McKay; 1954年（70—71歲）
国籍	美国
母校	佛羅里達大西洋大學; 科羅拉多大學
奖项	哈羅德·C·尤里獎（1989）
	科学生涯
研究领域	行星科學
机构	艾姆斯研究中心

克里斯托弗·麦凯（英語：Christopher P. McKay，1954年—^[1]）是一名美國行星科學家，研究行星大氣、天體生物學和地球化。麥凱在佛羅里達大西洋大學主修物理學，同時學習機械工程，1975年畢業^[2]^[3]，1982年獲得科羅拉多大學天體地球物理學博士學位^[4]^[5]^[6]。

職業生涯

麥凱對行星大氣，特別是土衛六^[7]^[8]和火星大氣，以及生命的起源和進化進行研究^[9]。他是惠更斯號、鳳凰號火星探測器和火星科學實驗室的共同研究員。他還在死亡谷、阿他加馬沙漠^[10]、阿克塞爾海伯格島和南極洲冰雪覆蓋的湖泊等地對嗜極生物進行實地研究。麥凱是擬議中的火星破冰生命天體生物學任務的首席研究員^[11]。2015年，他獲得內華達獎章（英语：Nevada Medal）。

他曾是行星學會董事會成員，還與火星學會合作，並就太空探索和地球化問題撰寫文章和發表演講^[12]^[13]^[14]。他還是微生物心靈論壇的顧問^[15]。

地球化的倫理問題

麥凱在地球化的倫理問題（英语：Ethics of terraforming）上主張適度的生物中心主義立場，認為我們必須先對火星這樣的行星進行徹底探索，以發現是否存在微生物生命，然後再採取地球化的第一步；如果在火星上的一個不起眼的角落或休眠狀態中發現了本土外星生命，我們就應該清除所有地球生命，並改變火星，以支持這種外星生命在火星上的全球傳播^[16]^[17]。他與羅伯特·祖布林（英语：Robert Zubrin）進行了一系列公開辯論，後者在地球化的倫理問題上主張適度的人類中心主義立場^[18]^[19]。

參考資料

^ 5382 McKay (1991 JR2). ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/. [2 March 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-28）. McKay. Discovered 1991 May 8 by R.H.McNaugth at Siding Spring. Named for Christopher P. McKay (b. 1954), sapce scientist and exobiologist ...
^ Edward Silverman, "Scientists' Paths To Eminence: What Are The Turning Points? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", The Scientist, Vol:6, #2, 20 January 1992.
^ Christopher McKay | Academic Influence. academicinfluence.com. [2022-07-20]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-07）（英语）.
^ Chris McKay Planetary Scientist - NASA Quest
^ Many Worlds Symposium. [2012-08-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-29）.
^ Mckay. National Space Grant Foundation. [2022-07-20]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-23）（美国英语）.
^ e.g. Photochemically Driven Collapse of Titan's Atmosphere （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Ralph D. Lorenz, Christopher P. McKay, and Jonathan I. Lunine, Science, Vol. 275 pp. 642–644, 31 Jan. 1997
^ Christopher McKay. Science Friday. [2022-07-20]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-07）（美国英语）.
^ Organic Synthesis in Experimental Impact Shocks （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Christopher P. McKay and William J. Borucki, Science, Vo. 276 pp. 390–392, 18 April 1997
^ Microbial Life in the Atacama Desert （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, R. M. Maier, K. P. Drees, J. W. Neilson, D. A. Henderson, J. Quade, J. L. Betancourt;, Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez, Fred A. Rainey, and Christopher P. McKay, Science, Vol. 306 pp. 1289–1290, 19 November 2004
^ Christopher P. McKay; Carol R. Stoker; Brian J. Glass; Arwen I. Davé; Alfonso F. Davila; Jennifer L. Heldmann; Margarita M. Marinova; Alberto G. Fairen; Richard C. Quinn; Kris A. Zacny; Gale Paulsen; Peter H. Smith; Victor Parro; Dale T. Andersen; Michael H. Hecht; Denis Lacelle; Wayne H. Pollard. The Icebreaker Life Mission to Mars: A Search for Biomolecular Evidence for Life. Astrobiology. April 5, 2013, 13 (4): 334–353. Bibcode:2013AsBio..13..334M. PMID 23560417. S2CID 21073805. doi:10.1089/ast.2012.0878.
^ Haynes, R. H.; McKay, C. P. The Implantation of Life on Mars: Feasibility and Motivation. Adv. Space Res. 1992, 12 (4): 133–140. Bibcode:1992AdSpR..12d.133H. PMID 11538133. doi:10.1016/0273-1177(92)90167-v.
^ C. P. McKay and M. M. Marinova, "The Physics, Biology and Environmental Ethics of Making Mars Habitable", Astrobiology 1, 89–109 (2001).
^ Marinova, M. M.; McKay, C. P.; Hashimoto, H. Radiative-Convective Model of Warming Mars using Artificial Super-Greenhouse Gases. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110 (E3): E03002 [2023-09-07]. Bibcode:2005JGRE..110.3002M. doi:10.1029/2004JE002306 . （原始内容存档于2023-09-07）.
^ Microbes Mind Forum – Advisors 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-02-28. (2014)
^ C. P. McKay, "Let's Put Martian Life First", The Planetary Report, XXI(4), 4–5 (2001).
^ McKay, Chris. Planetary Ecosynthesis on Mars: Restoration Ecology and Environmental Ethics (PDF). December 2007 [2017-01-04]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-04-01）.
^ C. P. McKay and R. M. Zubrin, "Do Indigenous Martian Bacteria have Precedence over Human Exploration?" in On to Mars: Colonizing a New World (pp. 177–182)
^ R. M. Zubrin and C. P. McKay, "A World for the Winning: The Exploration and Terraforming of Mars", The Planetary Report, XII(5), 16–19 (1992).

外部連結

Video of Chris McKay on The Agenda with Steve Paikin, "Are We Bound for Space?" panel discussion with Chris Hadfield, Lawrence Krauss, Donna Shirley, Karl Schroeder and Robert D. Richards
McKay's Public Lecture on Saturn's Moon Titan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, part of the Silicon Valley Astronomy Lecture Series

["jpl"-1] 5382 McKay (1991 JR2). ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/. [2 March 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-28）. McKay. Discovered 1991 May 8 by R.H.McNaugth at Siding Spring. Named for Christopher P. McKay (b. 1954), sapce scientist and exobiologist ...

[2] Edward Silverman, "Scientists' Paths To Eminence: What Are The Turning Points? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", The Scientist, Vol:6, #2, 20 January 1992.

[3] Christopher McKay | Academic Influence. academicinfluence.com. [2022-07-20]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-07）（英语）.

[4] Chris McKay Planetary Scientist - NASA Quest

[5] Many Worlds Symposium. [2012-08-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-29）.

[6] Mckay. National Space Grant Foundation. [2022-07-20]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-23）（美国英语）.

[7] .g. Photochemically Driven Collapse of Titan's Atmosphere （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Ralph D. Lorenz, Christopher P. McKay, and Jonathan I. Lunine, Science, Vol. 275 pp. 642–644, 31 Jan. 1997

[8] Christopher McKay. Science Friday. [2022-07-20]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-07）（美国英语）.

[9] Organic Synthesis in Experimental Impact Shocks （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Christopher P. McKay and William J. Borucki, Science, Vo. 276 pp. 390–392, 18 April 1997

[10] Microbial Life in the Atacama Desert （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, R. M. Maier, K. P. Drees, J. W. Neilson, D. A. Henderson, J. Quade, J. L. Betancourt;, Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez, Fred A. Rainey, and Christopher P. McKay, Science, Vol. 306 pp. 1289–1290, 19 November 2004

[Icebreaker2018-11] Christopher P. McKay; Carol R. Stoker; Brian J. Glass; Arwen I. Davé; Alfonso F. Davila; Jennifer L. Heldmann; Margarita M. Marinova; Alberto G. Fairen; Richard C. Quinn; Kris A. Zacny; Gale Paulsen; Peter H. Smith; Victor Parro; Dale T. Andersen; Michael H. Hecht; Denis Lacelle; Wayne H. Pollard. The Icebreaker Life Mission to Mars: A Search for Biomolecular Evidence for Life. Astrobiology. April 5, 2013, 13 (4): 334–353. Bibcode:2013AsBio..13..334M. PMID 23560417. S2CID 21073805. doi:10.1089/ast.2012.0878.

[12] Haynes, R. H.; McKay, C. P. The Implantation of Life on Mars: Feasibility and Motivation. Adv. Space Res. 1992, 12 (4): 133–140. Bibcode:1992AdSpR..12d.133H. PMID 11538133. doi:10.1016/0273-1177(92)90167-v.

[13] C. P. McKay and M. M. Marinova, "The Physics, Biology and Environmental Ethics of Making Mars Habitable", Astrobiology 1, 89–109 (2001).

[14] Marinova, M. M.; McKay, C. P.; Hashimoto, H. Radiative-Convective Model of Warming Mars using Artificial Super-Greenhouse Gases. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110 (E3): E03002 [2023-09-07]. Bibcode:2005JGRE..110.3002M. doi:10.1029/2004JE002306 . （原始内容存档于2023-09-07）.

[15] Microbes Mind Forum – Advisors 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-02-28. (2014)

[16] C. P. McKay, "Let's Put Martian Life First", The Planetary Report, XXI(4), 4–5 (2001).

[17] McKay, Chris. Planetary Ecosynthesis on Mars: Restoration Ecology and Environmental Ethics (PDF). December 2007 [2017-01-04]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-04-01）.

[18] C. P. McKay and R. M. Zubrin, "Do Indigenous Martian Bacteria have Precedence over Human Exploration?" in On to Mars: Colonizing a New World (pp. 177–182)

[19] R. M. Zubrin and C. P. McKay, "A World for the Winning: The Exploration and Terraforming of Mars", The Planetary Report, XII(5), 16–19 (1992).

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克里斯托弗·麦凯

職業生涯

地球化的倫理問題

參考資料

外部連結

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