Giorgio Buttazzo在他的文章《人工意识:幻想还是真实的可能》("Artificial Consciousness: Utopia or Real Possibility")中写道:我们现有的技术水平所能达到的自主水平“计算机在完全自主的运行模式下,不能表现出创造性、情感或者自由意志。一台计算机就像洗衣机一样,是由各部件构成的奴隶。” [6]
術語「認知架構」可指關於人類心靈結構的理論,或指其任何部分或功能,包括意識。在其他語境中,認知架構是心靈結構理論的計算機實現。其中一個例子是QuBIC:Quantum and Bio-inspired Cognitive Architecture for Machine Consciousness(用於機器意識且受量子和生物啟發的認知架構)。認知架構的主要目標之一是將認知心理學的各種成果總結在一個綜合的計算機模型中,但是這些成果需要形式化,才能作為電腦程式的基礎。此外,認知架構也有著讓人工智慧夠清晰地組織、建立和實現其思維過程的作用。
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