César Milstein
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Nascimento
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8 de outubro de 1927 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Morte
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24 de março de 2002 (74 anos) Cambridge, Reino Unido
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Nacionalidade
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argentino, britânico
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Alma mater
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Universidade de Buenos Aires, Universidade de Cambridge
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Prêmios
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Prêmio Avery Landsteiner (1979), Prêmio Wolf de Medicina (1980), Prêmio Alfred P. Sloan Jr. (1981), Medalha Franklin (1982), Medalha Real (1982), Prêmio Albert Lasker de Pesquisa Médica Básica (1984), Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina (1984), Medalha Copley (1989)
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Campo(s)
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bioquímica
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César Milstein (Bahía Blanca, 8 de outubro de 1927 — Cambridge, 24 de março de 2002) foi um bioquímico argentino e nacionalizado britânico. Formou-se em medicina na Universidade de Buenos Aires e doutorou-se em bioquímica em Cambridge. É considerado um dos pais da imunologia moderna.[1]
Foi agraciado com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina de 1984, junto com Georges J. F. Köhler por suas pesquisas sobre anticorpos monoclonais. Desenvolveram uma forma de criar novos anticorpos a partir de linfócitos B híbridos, o hibridoma, usado para profilaxia, diagnóstico e terapia de diversas doenças. Invenção especialmente útil diferenciando tumores.[2]
Referências
- ↑ Springer, Timothy A (June 2002). "César Milstein, the father of modern immunology". Nature Immunology 3 (6): 501–3. doi:10.1038/ni0602-501. PMID 12032559.
- ↑ Milstein, C (1999). "The hybridoma revolution: an offshoot of basic research.". BioEssays 21 (11): 966–73. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199911)21:11<966::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-Z.
Ligações externas
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1978: George Davis Snell, Jean Dausset, Jon van Rood · 1979: Roger Sperry, Arvid Carlsson, Oleh Hornykiewicz · 1980: César Milstein, Leo Sachs, James Learmonth Gowans · 1981: Barbara McClintock, Stanley Norman Cohen · 1982: Jean-Pierre Changeux, Solomon Halbert Snyder, James Black · 1984/5: Donald Frederick Steiner · 1986: Osamu Hayaishi · 1987: Pedro Cuatrecasas, Meir Wilchek · 1988: Henri-Géry Hers, Elizabeth Neufeld · 1989: John Gurdon, Edward Lewis · 1990: Maclyn McCarty · 1991: Seymour Benzer · 1992: Judah Folkman · 1994/5: Michael Berridge, Yasutomi Nishizuka · 1995/6: Stanley Prusiner · 1996/7: Mary Frances Lyon · 1998: Michael Sela, Ruth Arnon · 1999: Eric Kandel · 2001: Avram Hershko, Alexander Varshavsky · 2002/3: Ralph Lawrence Brinster, Mario Capecchi, Oliver Smithies · 2004: Robert Allan Weinberg, Roger Tsien · 2005: Anthony Rex Hunter, Anthony Pawson, Alexander Levitzki · 2008: Howard Cedar, Aharon Razin · 2010: Axel Ullrich · 2011: Shinya Yamanaka, Rudolf Jaenisch · 2012: Ronald Mark Evans · 2014: Nahum Sonenberg, Gary Ruvkun, Victor Ambros · 2015: John Kappler, Philippa Marrack, Jeffrey Ravetch · 2016: Carl Ronald Kahn, Lewis Cantley · 2017: James Patrick Allison · 2019: Jeffrey Michael Friedman · 2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier, Jennifer Doudna · 2021: Joan A. Steitz, Lynne Elizabeth Maquat, Adrian Robert Krainer
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- 1915: Thomas Edison, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
- 1916: John Joseph Carty, Theodore William Richards
- 1917: Hendrik Lorentz, David Watson Taylor
- 1918: Guglielmo Marconi, Thomas Corwin Mendenhall
- 1919: James Dewar, George Owen Squier
- 1920: Svante Arrhenius, Charles Algernon Parsons
- 1921: Charles Fabry, Frank Julian Sprague
- 1922: Ralph Modjeski, Joseph John Thomson
- 1923: Gustave-Auguste Ferrié, Albert Abraham Michelson
- 1924: Ernest Rutherford, Edward Weston
- 1925: Elihu Thomson, Pieter Zeeman
- 1926: Niels Bohr, Samuel Rea
- 1927: George Ellery Hale, Max Planck
- 1928: Charles Francis Brush, Walther Nernst
- 1929: Emil Berliner, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
- 1930: William Henry Bragg, John Frank Stevens
- 1931: James Hopwood Jeans, Willis Rodney Whitney
- 1932: Philipp Lenard, Ambrose Swasey
- 1933: Paul Sabatier, Irmãos Wright
- 1934: Irving Langmuir, Henry Norris Russell
- 1935: Albert Einstein, John Ambrose Fleming
- 1936: Frank Baldwin Jewett, Charles Kettering
- 1937: Peter Debye, Robert Andrews Millikan
- 1938: William Frederick Durand, Charles August Kraus
- 1939: Edwin Powell Hubble, Albert Sauveur
- 1940: Leo Baekeland, Arthur Holly Compton
- 1941: Edwin Armstrong, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
- 1942: Jerome Clarke Hunsaker, Paul Dyer Merica
- 1943: George Washington Pierce, Harold Clayton Urey
- 1944: William David Coolidge, Pyotr Kapitsa
- 1945: Harlow Shapley
- 1946: Henry Clapp Sherman, Henry Tizard
- 1947: Enrico Fermi, Robert Robinson
- 1948: Wendell Meredith Stanley, Theodore von Kármán
- 1949: Theodor Svedberg
- 1950: Eugene Paul Wigner
- 1951: James Chadwick
- 1952: Wolfgang Pauli
- 1953: William Francis Gibbs
- 1954: Charles Edward Kenneth Mees
- 1955: Arne Tiselius
- 1956: Frank Whittle
- 1957: Hugh Stott Taylor
- 1958: Donald Wills Douglas
- 1959: Hans Bethe
- 1960: Roger Adams
- 1961: Detlev Bronk
- 1962: Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
- 1963: Glenn Theodore Seaborg
- 1964: Gregory Breit
- 1965: Frederick Seitz
- 1966: Britton Chance
- 1967: Murray Gell-Mann
- 1968: Marshall Nirenberg
- 1969: John Archibald Wheeler
- 1970: Wolfgang Panofsky
- 1971: Hannes Alfvén
- 1972: George Kistiakowsky
- 1973: Theodosius Dobzhansky
- 1974: Nikolai Bogoliubov
- 1975: John Bardeen
- 1976: Mahlon Hoagland
- 1977: Cyril Manton Harris
- 1978: Elias James Corey
- 1979: George Evelyn Hutchinson
- 1980: Avram Goldstein, Lyman Spitzer
- 1981: Stephen Hawking
- 1982: César Milstein, Kenneth Wilson
- 1984: Verner Suomi
- 1985: George Claude Pimentel
- 1986: Benoît Mandelbrot
- 1987: Stanley Cohen
- 1988: Donald Knuth
- 1990: Hugh Huxley, David Turnbull
- 1992: Frederick Reines
- 1995: Gerardus 't Hooft
- 1996: Richard Smalley
- 1997: Mario Capecchi
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1951: Howard Florey e Ian Heilbron • 1952: Frederic Bartlett e Christopher Kelk Ingold • 1953: Paul Fildes e Nevill Francis Mott • 1954: Hans Krebs e John Cockcroft • 1955: Vincent Wigglesworth e Alexander Todd • 1956: Owen Thomas Jones e Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin • 1957: Frederick Gugenheim Gregory e William Vallance Douglas Hodge • 1958: Alan Hodgkin e Harrie Massey • 1959: Peter Brian Medawar e Rudolf Peierls • 1960: Roy Cameron e Bernard Lovell • 1961: Wilfrid Le Gros Clark e Cecil Frank Powell • 1962: John Eccles e Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar • 1963: Herbert Harold Read e Robert Hill • 1964: Francis Brambell e Michael James Lighthill • 1965: Henry Charles Husband, John Kendrew e Raymond Lyttleton • 1966: Christopher Cockerell, Frank Yates e John Ashworth Ratcliffe • 1967: Joseph Hutchinson, John Zachary Young e Cecil Edgar Tilley • 1968: Gilbert Roberts, Walter Thomas James Morgan e Michael Atiyah • 1969: Charles William Oatley, Frederick Sanger e George Deacon • 1970: John Fleetwood Baker, William Albert Hugh Rushton e Kingsley Charles Dunham • 1971: Percy Edward Kent, Max Perutz e Gerhard Herzberg • 1972: Wilfrid Bennett Lewis, Francis Crick e Derek Barton • 1973: Edward Abraham, Rodney Porter e Martin Ryle • 1974: Sydney Brenner, George Edwards e Fred Hoyle • 1975: Barnes Wallis, David Chilton Phillips e Edward Bullard • 1976: Alan Walsh, James Learmonth Gowans e John Cornforth • 1977: John Adams, Hugh Huxley e Peter Hirsch • 1978: Tom Kilburn, Roderic Alfred Gregory e Abdus Salam • 1979: Vernon Ellis Cosslett, Hans Walter Kosterlitz e Frederick Charles Frank • 1980: John Paul Wild, Henry Harris e Denys Wilkinson • 1981: Ralph Riley, Marthe Louise Vogt e Geoffrey Wilkinson • 1982: César Milstein, William Hawthorne e Richard Dalitz • 1983: Daniel Joseph Bradley, Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg e John Kingman • 1984: Alexander Lamb Cullen, Mary Frances Lyon e Alan Battersby • 1985: John Argyris, John Gurdon e Roger Penrose • 1986: Eric Ash, Richard Doll e Rex Richards • 1987: Gustav Victor Rudolf Born, Eric James Denton e Francis Graham-Smith • 1988: Harold Barlow, Winifred Watkins e George Batchelor • 1989: John Vane, David Weatherall e John Charles Polanyi • 1990: Olgierd Zienkiewicz, Anne McLaren e Michael Berry • 1991: Basil John Mason, Michael Berridge e Dan Peter McKenzie • 1992: David Tabor, Michael Anthony Epstein e Simon Donaldson • 1993: Rodney Hill, Horace Barlow e Volker Heine • 1994: Salvador Moncada, Eric Mansfield e Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar • 1995: Donald Metcalf, Paul Nurse e Robert Williams • 1996: Robert Hinde, Jack Heslop-Harrison e Andrew Wiles • 1997: Geoffrey Eglinton, John Maynard Smith e Donald Hill Perkins • 1998: Edwin Southern, Ricardo Miledi e Donald Charlton Bradley • 1999: John Frank Davidson, Patrick David Wall e Archibald Howie • 2000: Tim Berners-Lee, Geoffrey Burnstock e Keith Usherwood Ingold |
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1976: Baruch Blumberg e Daniel Gajdusek •
1977: Roger Guillemin, Andrzej Schally e Rosalyn Yalow •
1978: Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans e Hamilton Smith •
1979: Allan Cormack e Godfrey Hounsfield •
1980: Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset e George Snell •
1981: Roger Sperry, David Hubel e Torsten Wiesel •
1982: Sune Bergström, Bengt Samuelsson e John Vane •
1983: Barbara McClintock •
1984: Niels Jerne, Georges Köhler e César Milstein •
1985: Michael Stuart Brown e Joseph Goldstein •
1986: Stanley Cohen e Rita Levi-Montalcini •
1987: Susumu Tonegawa •
1988: James Black, Gertrude Elion e George Hitchings •
1989: John Michael Bishop e Harold Varmus •
1990: Joseph Murray e Edward Donnall Thomas •
1991: Erwin Neher e Bert Sakmann •
1992: Edmond Fischer e Edwin Krebs •
1993: Richard Roberts e Phillip Sharp •
1994: Alfred Gilman e Martin Rodbell •
1995: Edward Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard e Eric Wieschaus •
1996: Peter Doherty e Rolf Zinkernagel •
1997: Stanley Prusiner •
1998: Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro e Ferid Murad •
1999: Günter Blobel •
2000: Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard e Eric Kandel
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