第四政党制(だいよんせいとうせい、英: Fourth Party System)は、政治学者や歴史学者が使う政治モデルであり、アメリカ合衆国に存在した政党制の中でおおまかに1896年から1932年までを画するものである。この時代の大半は共和党が支配したが、1912年の大統領選挙で党内が分裂したために民主党に政権を奪われ、8年間ホワイトハウスを明け渡したのが例外となった。歴史学ではこの時代を「進歩主義の時代」と呼び慣わしている。その概念は1960年にE・Eシャッツシュナイダーが「1896年システム」と呼んで紹介され、1960年代半ばに政治学者によって多くのスキームが付け加えられた[1]。
^To cite a standard political science college textbook: "Scholars generally agree that realignment theory identifies five distinct party systems with the following approximate dates and major parties: 1. 1796-1816, First Party System: Jeffersonian Republicans and Federalists; 2. 1840-1856, Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs; 3. 1860-1896, Third Party System: Republicans and Democrats; 4. 1896-1932, Fourth Party System: Republicans and Democrats; 5. 1932-, Fifth Party System: Democrats and Republicans." Robert C. Benedict, Matthew J. Burbank and Ronald J. Hrebenar, Political Parties, Interest Groups and Political Campaigns. Westview Press. 1999. Page 11.
Blum, John Morton. The Progressive Presidents: Roosevelt, Wilson, Roosevelt, Johnson (1980)
Burner, David. Herbert Hoover: A Public Life. (1979).
Burnham, Walter Dean, "The System of 1896: An Analysis," in Paul Kleppner, et al., The Evolution of American Electoral Systems , Greenwood. (1983)
Burnham, Walter Dean. "Periodization Schemes and 'Party Systems': The "System of 1896" as a Case in Point," Social Science History, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Autumn, 1986), pp. 263–314.online at JSTOR
Carter, Susan, ed. Historical Statistics of the U.S. (Millennium Edition) (2006) series Ca11
Cherny, Robert W. A Righteous Cause: The Life of William Jennings Bryan (1994)
Cooper, John Milton The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt. (1983) a dual biography
Craig, Douglas B. 'After Wilson: The Struggle for the Democratic Party, 1920-1934 (1992)
Degler, Carl N. (1964). “American Political Parties and the Rise of the City: An Interpretation”. Journal of American History (Organization of American Historians) 51 (1): 41–59. doi:10.2307/1917933. JSTOR1917933.
Edwards, Rebecca. Angels in the Machinery: Gender in American Party Politics from the Civil War to the Progressive Era (1997)
Folsom, Burton W. "Tinkerers, Tipplers, and Traitors: Ethnicity and Democratic Reform in Nebraska During the Progressive Era." Pacific Historical Review 1981 50(1): 53-75. ISSN0030-8684
Glad, Paul W. McKinley, Bryan and the People (1991), on 1896.
Gosnell, Harold F. Boss Platt and His New York Machine: A Study of the Political Leadership of Thomas C. Platt, Theodore Roosevelt, and Others (1924)
Gould, Lewis L. America in the Progressive Era, 1890 - 1914 (2000)
Gustafson, Melanie. "Partisan Women in the Progressive Era: the Struggle for Inclusion in American Political Parties." Journal of Women's History 1997 9(2): 8-30. ISSN1042-7961 Fulltext online at SwetsWise and Ebsco.
Harbaugh, William Henry. The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt. (1963)
Harrison, Robert. Congress, Progressive Reform, and the New American State (2004)
Hofstadter, Richard. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. (1955)
Hofstadter, Richard. The American Political Tradition (1948), chapters on Bryan, Roosevelt, Wilson and Hoover
Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896 (1971)
Keller, Morton. Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (1977)
Kleppner, Paul. Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics, 1893–1928, Greenwood. 1987
Lawrence, David G. (1996). The Collapse of the Democratic Presidential Majority: Realignment, Dealignment, and Electoral Change from Franklin Roosevelt to Bill Clinton. Westview Press. ISBN0813389844
Lee, Demetrius Walker, "The Ballot as a Party-System Switch: The Role of the Australian Ballot in Party-System Change and Development in the USA," Party Politics, Vol. 11, No. 2, 217-241 (2005)
Lichtman, A. J. "Critical elections theory and the reality of American presidential politics, 1916-40." American Historical Review (1976) 81: 317-348. in JSTOR
Link, Arthur. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910-1917 (1963)
McSeveney, Samuel T. "The Fourth Party System and Progressive Politics", in. L. Sandy Maisel and William Shade (eds) Parties and Politics in American History (1994)
Lichtman, Allan J.Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928 (1979).
Link, Arthur Stanley. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910-1917 (1972) standard political history of the era
Mahan, Russell L. "William Jennings Bryan and the Presidential Campaign of 1896" White House Studies 2003 3(2): 215-227. ISSN1535-4768
Morgan, H. Wayne. William McKinley and His America (1963)
Morris, Edmund. Theodore Rex (2002), detailed biography of Roosevelt as president 1901-1909
Mowry, George. The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900-1912. (1954)
Sanders, Elizabeth. Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877-1917 (1999). argues the Democrats were the true progressives and GOP was mostly conservative
Sarasohn, David. The Party of Reform: Democrats in the Progressive Era (1989), covers 1910-1930.
Sundquist, James L. Dynamics of the Party System, Revised Edition, Brookings Institute. 1983
Ware, Alan. The American Direct Primary: Party Institutionalization and Transformation in the North (2002)
一次史料
Bryan, William Jennings. First Battle (1897), speeches from 1896 campaign.
Ginger, Ray, ed. William Jennings Bryan; Selections (1967).
LaFollette, Robert. Autobiography (1913)
Roosevelt, Theodore. Autobiography (1913)
Whicher, George F., ed. William Jennings Bryan and the Campaign of 1896 (1953), primary and secondary sources.
John C. Green and Paul S. Herrnson. "Party Development in the Twentieth Century: Laying the Foundations for Responsible Party Government?" (2000) online version