トマス・ロバート・マルサスは、世界の飢餓と飢餓について考察し、希少性の経済学の理論的基礎を築いた[2][10]。1798年の『人口論(An Essay on the Principle of Population)』において、国の食料生産の増加は所得水準を上昇させるが、その後の人口増加が食糧難を引き起こし、飢饉などの人口減少イベントを発生させるため、人口が継続して増加することはないと述べた。この考え方は「マルサスの罠」または「マルサスの亡霊」として知られる。食糧生産が増えても、その結果発生する飢餓などの人口減少のイベントは「マルサス的大惨事(Malthusian catastrophe)」とも呼ばれる[11]。
人間の行動を目的と代替用途のある希少な手段との関係として研究する科学(Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses)
Montani, Guido (1987). "Scarcity". In Eatwell, J.; Millgate, M.; Newman, P. (eds.). The New Palgrave. A Dictionary of Economics. Vol. 4. Palgrave, Houndsmill. pp. 253–54.
Wennerlind, C. C. (1999). The historical specificity of scarcity: historical and political investigations (Doctoral dissertation, the University of Texas at Austin).
Korhonen, J. M. (2018). Overcoming Scarcities Through Innovation: What Do Technologists Do When Faced With Constraints?. Ecological economics, 145, 115-125. Accessed at [1].
出典
^ abcdeSamuelson, P. Anthony., Samuelson, W. (1980). Economics. 11th ed. / New York: McGraw-Hill.
^Montani G. (1987) Scarcity. In: Palgrave Macmillan (eds) The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
^ abRaiklin, Ernest; Uyar, Bülent (1996). “On the relativity of the concepts of needs, wants, scarcity and opportunity cost”. International Journal of Social Economics23 (7): 49–56. doi:10.1108/03068299610122416.
^Montani, Gudio (1987) in "Scarcity" citing Walras, L. 1926. Elements of Pure Economics, or the Theory of Social Wealth. Trans. W. Jaffé. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954. Reprinted, Fairfield: A.M. Kelley, 1977.
^Pearce, Kerry A.; Hoover, Kevin D. (1995), “After the Revolution: Paul Samuelson and the Textbook Keynesian Model”, History of Political Economy27 (Supplement): 183–216, doi:10.1215/00182702-27-supplement-183
^Harvey, David (1974). “Population, Resources, and the Ideology of Science”. Economic Geography50 (3): 256–277. doi:10.2307/142863. JSTOR142863.
^Gilbert, Geoffrey. Introduction to Malthus T.R. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population. Oxford World's Classics reprint. viii in Oxford World's Classics reprint.
^Simkins, Charles (2001). “Can South Africa Avoid a Malthusian Positive Check?”. Daedalus130 (1): 123–150. JSTOR20027682. PMID19068951.
^ abWeir D.R. (1987) Malthus's Theory of Population. In: Palgrave Macmillan (eds) The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1062-1