ナルシシズムは、ジークムント・フロイトの著作の中で議論され、臨床診断としてのサイコパシーは、1941年に出版されたThe Mask of Sanity(英語版)でハーベイ・クレックリー(Hervey Cleckley)の初期の著作の中で取り上げられている[40]。ナルシシズムとサイコパシーの次元モデルを考えると、一般集団に適した自己報告評価を用いることで補完され、こうした特徴を不顕性レベルで研究することができるようになった[41]。一般集団では、不顕性サイコパスの有病率は約1%、臨床サイコパスの有病率は約0.2%と推定されている[42][43][44]。残念ながら、一般集団における臨床的ナルシシズムと不臨床的ナルシシズムのどちらの有病率も信頼できる推定値はないようである[45]。
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