アストロノータス属は A. crassipinnis と A. ocellatus の2種類が知られるが、世界的にも観賞魚としてよく知られている種は後者である。日本の観賞魚業界では「アストロノータス」(アストロノートゥス)あるいは英名でオスカー(Oscar)と呼べば本種を指すのが普通であるが、稀にA. crassipinnisも「オスカー」、「アストロノータス」として輸入されることがある[4]ため、この項目で扱うことにする。
^Keith, P. O-Y. Le Bail & P. Planquette, (2000) Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de Guyane (tome 2, fascicule I). Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France. p. 286
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^ abcdeLoiselle, Paul V. (1995). The Cichlid Aquarium. Germany: Tetra Press. ISBN1-56465-146-0
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^Ma, X.; Bangxi, X.; Yindong, W. and Mingxue, W. (2003). “Intentionally Introduced and Transferred Fishes in China’s Inland Waters”. Asian Fisheries Science16: 279–290.
^Shafland, P. L. and J. M. Pestrak (1982). “Lower lethal temperatures for fourteen non-native fishes in Florida”. Environmental Biology of Fishes7 (2): 139–156. doi:10.1007/BF00001785.
^Pinto Paiva, M and Nepomuceno, FH (1989). “On the reproduction in captivity of the oscar, Astronotus ocellatus (Cuvier), according to the mating methods (Pisces – Cichlidae)”. Amazoniana10: 361–377.
^Waltzek,TB and Wainwright, PC (2003). “Functional morphology of extreme jaw protrusion in Neotropical cichlids”. Journal of Morphology257 (1): 96–106. doi:10.1002/jmor.10111. PMID12740901.
^Tobler, M. (2005). “Feigning death in the Central American cichlid Parachromis friedrichsthalii”. Journal of Fish Biology66 (3): 877–881. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00648.x.
^Gibran,FZ. (2004). Armbruster, J. W.. ed. “Dying or illness feigning: An unreported feeding tactic of the Comb grouper Mycteroperca acutirostris (Serranidae) from the Southwest Atlantic”. Copeia2004 (2): 403–405. doi:10.1643/CI-03-200R1. JSTOR1448579.
^Fracalossi, DM; Allen, ME; Nicholsdagger, DK and Oftedal, OT (1998). “Oscars, Astronotus ocellatus, Have a Dietary Requirement for Vitamin C”. The Journal of Nutrition128 (10): 1745–1751. PMID9772145.