Nesosilicati

nesosilicati al "Museum of Geology", Dakota del Sud

I nesosilicati o ortosilicati[1] sono silicati la cui struttura cristallina è definibile come una combinazione di tetraedri Z(Si, Al)-O isolati. Poiché ogni catione Z coordina quattro atomi di ossigeno e le sostituzioni isomorfogene del silicio con l'alluminio sono piuttosto limitate, l'unità strutturale minima dei nesosilicati è generalmente considerata il radicale (SiO4)4-.

I vari tetraedri sono legati tra di loro attraverso i legami ionici tra i cationi interstiziali presenti nella struttura, dalla cui dimensione e carica dipende la struttura del silicato stesso. L'impacchettamento atomico generalmente denso determina pesi specifici e durezze relativamente elevate. L'abito cristallino tende ad essere regolare, senza direzioni pronunciate di sfaldatura.

Nei nesosilicati rientrano importanti minerali come gli zirconi, il gruppo dell'olivina, il gruppo del granato e la cianite e i suoi polimorfi.

Classificazione

Sono schematizzati i gruppi mineralogici che costituiscono la classe dei nesosilicati e le relative specie più significative:

gruppo della fenacite fenacite Be2SiO4
willemite Zn2SiO4
gruppo dell'olivina forsterite Mg2SiO4
fayalite Fe2SiO4
gruppo del granato piropo Mg3Al2(SiO4)3
spessartina Mn3Al2(SiO4)3
andradite Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
almandino Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3
grossularia Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
uvarovite Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3
gruppo dello zircone zircone ZrSiO4
gruppo della cianite andalusite Al2SiO5 = Al[6]Al[5]OSiO4
sillimanite Al2SiO5 = Al[6]Al[4]OSiO4
cianite Al2SiO5
topazio Al2SiO4(F,OH)2
staurolite (Fe,Mg,Zn)2(Al,Fe,Ti)9O6[(Si,Al)O4]4(O,OH)2
gruppo della condrodite condrodite (Mg,Fe+2)5(SiO4)2(F,OH)2
datolite CaBSiO4(OH)
titanite CaTiOSiO4

Note

  1. ^ Sono due parole composite, derivate dal greco antico, e costituite dall'unione dei prefissi νησο- (neso) e ὀρθο (orto) con silicato che deriva, a sua volta, dal greco σιλἵκιος (silicio). I termini nesosilicati e ortosilicati significano, rispettivamente, silicati isolati e silicati diritti, normali.

Voci correlate

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