Timeline of Kaliningrad

Coat of arms of Kaliningrad

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Kaliningrad, Russia. The city was known as Königsberg (Polish: Królewiec, Lithuanian: Karaliaučius) prior to 1945 and Twangste prior to 1255.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Historical coat of arms of Königsberg

Era of Teutonic Order

• 1255 – Fortress built by Teutonic Knights during Prussian Crusade, on the basis of a Prussian settlement Twangste.
• 1256 – Settlement formed north of the fortress.
• 1262 – Prussians begin to besiege castle during the Great Prussian Uprising.
• 1264 – Settlement developed south of the castle.
• 1286 – Königsberg chartered.[1]
• 1300 – Town of Löbenicht built.[2]
• 1324 – Town of Kneiphof founded.[2]
• 1333 - Construction of Königsberg Cathedral begins.[1]
• 1340 – Königsberg joins Hanseatic League.[1]
• 1377 – Köttelbrücke (bridge) built.[3]
• 1379 (or 1397) – Schmiedebrücke (bridge) built.[4]
• 1380 – Cathedral built in Kneiphof (approximate date).
• 1387 – Kneiphof Town Hall renovated.

15th century

• 1440 – The city becomes a founding member of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation.
• 1454
  • March: Inclusion of the city, in Polish known as Królewiec, within the borders of the Kingdom of Poland following a request of the Prussian Confederation.[5]
  • March: The local mayor pledged allegiance to the Polish King during the incorporation of the region in Kraków.[6]
  • March: City authorized by the Polish king to mint Polish coins.[7]
  • April: City becomes the capital of the Królewiec Voivodeship within Poland.[8]
• 1455 – Captured by Teutonic Knights during the Thirteen Years' War.
• 1457 – City becomes capital of the State of the Teutonic Order.[1]
• 1464 – Georg Steinhaupt becomes mayor.[3]
• 1465 – Landing force from Polish-allied Elbląg destroyed the shipyard near the Old Town, preventing the Teutonic Knights from rebuilding their fleet until the end of the Thirteen Years' War.[9]
• 1466 – Second Treaty of Thorn: the city becomes a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Order.[10]

16th century

• 1519–21 – Polish-Teutonic War. The city opposed the Teutonic Knights' war against Poland and demanded peace.[11]
• 1520 – Mikolaj Firlej lays siege to the town^[citation needed]
• 1521–24 – Secularization of the Teutonic Order
• 1523 – Printing press in operation.[12]
• 1525 – Treaty of Kraków: Königsberg/Królewiec becomes the capital of the Duchy of Prussia, Albert becomes first Duke of Prussia[1] as a vassal of Poland.[8] Treaty confirmed by city representatives.[13]
• 1529 – Castle Library established
• 1542 – Pedagogium founded by Albert Hohenzollern in Kneiphof
• 1544 – Albertina University (Lutheran) founded by Albert, Duke of Prussia.[2][1][8]
• 1545 – Oldest Polish catechism published by Jan Seklucjan.[14]
• 1547 – Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas published.
• 1550 – Population: 14,000.[11]
• 1553 – Oldest Polish translation of the New Testament, by Stanisław Murzynowski, published.
• 1560 – 28 March: King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland confers university privileges on the Albertina University,[8] on a par with the Jagiellonian University.^[citation needed]
• 1561 – First acquisition of citizenship in the city by a Scot.[15]
• 1566
  • Duke Albert attempted to introduce absolutist rule in violation of the Treaty of Kraków.[13]
  • August–October: Stay and intervention of Polish Royal commissioners, restoration of the previous legal order.[13]
  • 4 October: Decree expanding the rights of Polish rulers and of the nobility and cities in the duchy.[13]
  • 22 October: Decree settling the city's conflict with Duke Albert, instituted by Polish Royal commissioners.[16]
• 1568 – March: Albert Frederick becomes Duke of Prussia.
• 1577 – City opposes the regency of George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach.[16]
• 1579 – Renewed city resistance to the regency of George Frederick. The city supports the nobility's request to the Polish King to send a Polish Royal Commission to the city.[16]
• 1580 – Arrival of George Frederick to establish his rule.[16]
• 1590 – Green Bridge rebuilt.^[citation needed]
• 1594 – Schlosskirche (castle church) dedicated

17th century

• 1616 – A Catholic church erected by order of King Sigismund III Vasa and the bishop of Warmia
• 1618 – Duchy of Prussia passes under control of Electors of Brandenburg, August: John Sigismund becomes Duke of Prussia
• 1619 – December: George William becomes Duke of Prussia
• 1626 – City walls built.[17]
• 1629 – City refuses to pay taxes to the duchy.[18]
• 1632 – King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland supports the city in its dispute with Duke George William.[18]
• 1635
  • January: Agreement between the King of Poland and the city, granting the city the right to organize its military defense against a possible Swedish attack in exchange for exemption from taxes.[18]
  • July: Visit of King Władysław IV Vasa.[19]
  • July: Jerzy Ossoliński appointed the Polish governor of the duchy by King Władysław IV Vasa.[19]
  • Jerzy Ossoliński completes the fortification of the city against a potential Swedish attack.[19]
• 1636 – Visit of King Władysław IV Vasa.[19]
• 1640 – December: Frederick William becomes Duke of Prussia
• 1647 – Neurossgarten Church dedicated
• 1657
  • Brandenburg Gate built.
  • Fort Friedrichsburg under construction[2]
  • City opposes the rule of Elector Frederick William, and sides with Poland.
• 1662
  • City sends a letter to King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland, opposing the rule of Elector Frederick William.[20]
  • 8 July: Confederation formed in the city to maintain Poland's sovereignty over the city and region.[20]
  • 27 October: The Brandenburg Elector and his army enter the city.[20]
  • 30 October: Hieronymus Roth, leader of the city's anti-Elector opposition, abducted by Brandenburg forces, and then imprisoned.[21]
• 1663 – City burghers, forced by Frederick William, swear an oath of allegiance to him, however, in the same ceremony they still also pledge allegiance to Poland.[22]
• 1688 – April: Frederick becomes Duke of Prussia.

18th century

• 1701
  • 18 January: Coronation of Frederick I of Prussia in the Schlosskirche.[17]
  • Capital of Duchy of Prussia relocated from Königsberg to Berlin.
• 1709 – Plague.[17]
• 1718
  • City Library opens.[23]
  • Poczta Królewiecka Polish-language newspaper begins publication (ceased in 1720).
• 1724
  • 22 April: Birth of Immanuel Kant, philosopher.[1]
  • June: City of Königsberg expanded by uniting Altstadt, Kneiphof, and Löbenicht.[1]
  • Königsberg City Archive is located in the Town Hall (approximate date).
• 1734 – 8 August: Polish King Stanisław Leszczyński stops in the city.[24]
• 1735 – Math problem "Seven Bridges of Königsberg" presented.
• 1736
  • 26 January: Stanisław Leszczyński signed an act of renunciation of the Polish crown in the city.[25]
  • 27 March: Stanisław Leszczyński left the city for France on March 27, 1736.[25]
• 1756 – Synagogue built.
• 1758
  • 14 January: Forces of the Kingdom of Prussia withdraw from the city.[26]
  • 16 January: Russian forces enter city.[17]
  • 24 January: City becomes part of Russia.
• 1764 – Russian occupation ends.[27]
• 1765 – Gumbinnen Gate built.
• 1780 – Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel becomes mayor.
• 1790 – Königshalle built.

19th century

• 1804 – 12 February: Death of Immanuel Kant, philosopher.[1]
• 1807 – French in power.[17]
• 1809 – Paradeplatz city garden established.

View of the city from circa 1810

• 1810 – August Wilhelm Heidemann becomes mayor.
• 1812 – School of church music founded.^[citation needed]
• 1813 – Koenigsberg Observatory built.
• 1814 – Carl Friedrich Horn becomes mayor.
• 1826 – Johann Friedrich List becomes mayor.
• 1828 – Royal and University Library formed.[23]
• 1830 – Population: 54,000.[2]
• 1831 – Polish poet Wincenty Pol interned in the city following the unsuccessful Polish November Uprising. He wrote his first poems there.[28]
• 1833 – University's Department of Chemistry opens in Neurossgarten.^[citation needed]
• 1838 – Rudolf von Auerswald becomes mayor.
• 1845
  • Union Giesserei foundry in business.
  • New Altstadt Church dedicated.
  • Art academy opens.[29]
• 1851 – Grolman Bastion built.
• 1855
  • Sailing Club founded.
  • Rossgarten Gate rebuilt.
• 1856 – Königsberg Cathedral restored.[1]
• 1858 – Dohna Tower built.
• 1860 – Astronomic Bastion built.
• 1861
  • 18 October: Coronation of William I, German Emperor, in the Schlosskirche.
  • Albertina University new campus dedicated.
• 1863–1864 – Arms trafficking for Polish insurgents during the January Uprising in the Russian Partition of Poland, co-organized by Wojciech Kętrzyński.[30]
• 1867 – Population: 101,507.[31]
• 1875
  • Johann Karl Adolf Selke becomes mayor.
  • Königsberg Stock Exchange built in Vorstadt.[32]
• 1878 – Königsberger Allgemeine Zeitung (newspaper) in publication.[33]
• 1880
  • Bronsart Fort built.
  • Population: 140,800.[1]
• 1883 – High Bridge rebuilt.^[citation needed]
• 1886 – Siemering Museum established.[34]
• 1889 – Eisenbahnbrücke (bridge) opens.^[citation needed]

Königsberg Castle in the 1890s

• 1890 – Population: 161,666.[1]
• 1892 – Baltika Stadium opens.
• 1893 – Hermann Theodor Hoffmann becomes mayor.
• 1896 – Zoo founded.
• 1897 – Königsberger Tageblatt (newspaper) in publication.
• 1898 – Palaestra Albertina established.[35]
• 1900
  • Football Club Königsberg formed.
  • Population: 187,897.[27]

20th century

1900-1945

• 1901
  • Queen Louise Memorial Church and Pillau-Königsberg canal built.[36][37]
  • Königsberger Volkszeitung [de] (newspaper) in publication.[38]
• 1903 – Siegfried Körte becomes mayor.
• 1905 - Population: 219,862.[1]
• 1906 – Bismarck tower built near city.
• 1907 – Church of the Holy Family built.
• 1912 – Stadthalle opens.
• 1913
  • New Tragheim Church dedicated.
  • Kunsthalle Königsberg (art gallery) opens.
• 1914 – City bombed by Russian forces.[39]
• 1919
  • Hans Lohmeyer becomes mayor.
  • City becomes part of the German Reich.
  • Population: 260,895.[40]
• 1920 – 24 April: Consulate of Poland opened.[41]
• 1921 – Königsberg Devau Airport opens.

Aerial view of the castle and city centre in 1925

• 1927 – City Hall relocated to Hansaplatz.
• 1928 – Königsberg City Museum opens.
• 1929 – Central railway terminal opens.
• 1931 – Last Polish book in the pre-1945 city published.[14]
• 1933 – Hellmuth Will becomes mayor.
• 1934 – Hansaplatz renamed Adolf-Hitler-Platz.
• 1939
  • Lasch Bunker built in Paradeplatz.
  • Population: 368,433.[39]
  • 25 August: The local Gestapo issued an arrest warrant for all Polish teachers in the region.[42]
  • August–September: Persecution of Poles, incl. mass arrests of Polish students and arrests of local Polish consul Jerzy Warchełowski and attaché Witold Winiarski.[43]
  • October: The Germans established a forced labour camp for Romani people.[44]
• 1941 – 1 September: Aerial bombing by Soviet forces begins.
• 1942 – 24 June: The Nazi SS sends the first deportation of Jews from Königsberg and the province of East Prussia to extermination camps.[45]
• 1944
  • August: Aerial bombing by British forces; city extensively damaged.
  • 19 August: The Germans established a subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp, in which around 500 Jews were subjected to forced labour.[46]
• 1945
  • January: Subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp dissolved.[46]
  • January: Battle of Königsberg begins.
  • February: Metgethen massacre.
  • 9 April: Battle of Königsberg ends; Soviets in power.[39]

1946-1990s

• 1946
  • April: City becomes part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, per Potsdam Agreement.[47]
  • City renamed Kaliningrad after Bolshevik Mikhail Kalinin.
  • City becomes seat of the newly formed Kaliningrad Oblast.
  • Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts founded.
  • Kaliningradskaya Pravda newspaper begins publication.[33]
• 1947 – Kaliningrad Regional Drama Theatre established.
• 1954 – Pishchevik Kaliningrad football club formed.
• 1956 – Population: 188,000.

Castle ruins in the 1960s

• 1960 – Theatre on Mira Avenue rebuilt.
• 1965 - Population: 253,000.[48]
• 1967 – Kaliningrad State University active.
• 1979
  • Khrabrovo Airport terminal built.
  • Kaliningrad Amber Museum opens.
• 1985 - Population: 385,000.[49]
• 1988 – Kaliningrad State Art Gallery established.[50]
• 1989 – Population: 401,280; oblast 871,283.
• 1990
  • Chamber of Commerce founded.[51][52]
  • City opens to foreign tourists.[53]
• 1994 – Kaliningrad State Technical University active.
• 1996 – Leonid Gorbenko becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.[54]
• 1998 – The Voice from the Pregel Polish-language magazine in publication.

21st century

• 2001 – Vladimir Yegorov becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.
• 2005
  • July: 750th anniversary of city founding.[55]
  • Kaiser Bridge reconstructed (approximate date).^[citation needed]
  • Georgy Boos becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.
• 2007
  • Alexander Jaroschuk becomes mayor.[56]
  • Khrabrovo Airport new terminal opens.[57]
• 2008 – Cathedral of Christ the Saviour consecrated.
• 2010
  • 30 January: Protest against governor Georgy Boos.[58]
  • Population: 431,500;[59] oblast 941,873.
  • Nikolay Tsukanov becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.
• 2012 – Poland-Russia border near Kaliningrad Oblast opens.[60]

See also

• History of Kaliningrad
• Königsberg
• List of monarchs of Prussia, 1525-1701
• Timelines of other cities in the Northwestern Federal District of Russia: Pskov, St. Petersburg

References

1. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1910). "Königsberg" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 894–895.
2. David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Königsberg". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
3. Richard Armstedt (1899). Geschichte der königl. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Königsberg in Preussen [History of the Royal Capital and Residence City of Königsberg in Prussia] (in German). Stuttgart: Hobbing & Büchle.
4. "Sites and projects". sg39.ru. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
5. Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. 54.
6. Górski, pp. 71–72
7. Górski, p. 63
8. Podbereski 2010, p. 113.
9. "Kalendarz dat: 1465". Dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 16 July 2022.
10. Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215
11. Małłek 1992, p. 248.
12. Henri Bouchot (1890). "Topographical index of the principal towns where early printing presses were established". In H. Grevel (ed.). The book: its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time. London: H. Grevel & Co.
13. Małłek 1992, p. 249.
14. Podbereski 2010, p. 114.
15. Feduszka, Jacek (2009). "Szkoci i Anglicy w Zamościu w XVI-XVIII wieku". Czasy Nowożytne (in Polish). Vol. 22. Zarząd Główny Polskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego. p. 52. ISSN 1428-8982.
16. Małłek 1992, p. 250.
17. George Henry Townsend (1867), "Königsberg (Prussia)", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
18. Małłek 1992, p. 252.
19. Małłek 1992, p. 253.
20. Małłek 1992, p. 254.
21. Małłek 1992, pp. 254–255.
22. Małłek 1992, p. 255.
23. Julius Petzholdt (1853), Handbuch Deutscher Bibliotheken (in German), Halle: H.W. Schmidt, OCLC 8363581
24. Ciesielski, Tomasz (2010). "Prusy Wschodnie w trakcie polskiej wojny sukcesyjnej i wojny siedmioletniej". In Gieszczyński, Witold; Kasparek, Norbert (eds.). Wielkie wojny w Prusach. Działania militarne między dolną Wisłą a Niemnem na przestrzeni wieków (in Polish). Dąbrówno. p. 108. ISBN 978-83-62552-00-9.
25. Ciesielski, p. 113
26. Ciesielski, p. 165
27. Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Konigsberg", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
28. Podbereski 2010, p. 115.
29. Richard Armstedt (1895). Heimatkunde von Königsberg (in German). Königsberg: Koch.
30. Podbereski 2010, p. 116.
31. J. Niederstetter, ed. (1867). Staats-Almanach für das Königreich Preußen (in German). Berlin: Heymann.
32. Norddeutscher Lloyd (1896), "Königsberg", Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Holland and England, Berlin: J. Reichmann & Cantor, OCLC 8395555
33. "Kaliningrad Newspapers". WorldCat. USA: Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
34. Königliche Museen zu Berlin (1904). Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland (in German) (6th ed.). Georg Reimer.
35. "Königsberg", Northern Germany (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, OCLC 78390379
36. Eugene van Cleef (1945). "East Baltic Ports and Boundaries: With Special Reference to Königsberg". Geographical Review. 35 (2): 257–272. doi:10.2307/211478. JSTOR 211478.
37. United States Hydrographic Office (1917). Baltic Pilot. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
38. "Zeitungsinformationssystem ZEFYS" [Newspaper Information System] (in German). Berlin State Library. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
39. Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, p. 529, OL 5812502M
40. "Germany: Principal Towns". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440 – via Hathi Trust.
41. Ceranka, Paweł; Szczepanik, Krzysztof (2020). Urzędy konsularne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1918–1945. Informator archiwalny (in Polish). Warszawa: Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych. p. 196. ISBN 978-83-65681-93-5.
42. Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945". Przegląd Zachodni (in Polish) (4): 41.
43. Cygański, p. 42
44. "Lager für Sinti und Roma Königsberg". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 7 May 2022.
45. "Memorial Plaque to the Victims of the First Deportation from Königsberg". Information Portal to European Sites of Remembrance. Berlin, Germany: Stiftung Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
46. Gliński, Mirosław. "Podobozy i większe komanda zewnętrzne obozu Stutthof (1939–1945)". Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum (in Polish). 3: 173. ISSN 0137-5377.
47. Russell H. Fifield (1948). "International Affairs: The Postwar World Map: New States and Boundary Changes". American Political Science Review. 42 (3): 533–541. doi:10.2307/1949917. JSTOR 1949917. S2CID 147617453.
48. "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966.
49. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
50. "Russianmuseums.info". Russian Cultural Heritage Network. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
51. Europa World Year Book 2004. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1857432533.
52. История Палаты [History of the Chamber] (in Russian). Калининградская торгово-промышленная палата (Kaliningrad Chamber of Commerce). Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
53. G.J. Ashworth; J.E. Tunbridge (1999). "Old cities, new pasts: Heritage planning in selected cities of Central Europe". GeoJournal. 49 (1): 105–116. doi:10.1023/A:1007010205856. JSTOR 41147404. S2CID 133089435.
54. Patrick E. Tyler (5 April 2000). "In a Russian Region Apart, Corruption Is King". New York Times. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
55. "Kaliningrad marks key anniversary". BBC News. 3 July 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
56. "Mayors in Europe". City Mayors.com. London: City Mayors Foundation. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
57. "Kaliningrad profile". BBC News. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
58. "Restlessness in Russia's Western Outpost". New York Times. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
59. "Population of Capital Cities and Cities of 100,000 or More Inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
60. "Crack in the EU: Poland and Kaliningrad Open Borders for Locals". Spiegel Online. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2013.

This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia and Russian Wikipedia.

Bibliography

in English

Published in the 18th-19th century

• Thomas Nugent (1749), "Königsberg", The Grand Tour, vol. 2: Germany and Holland, London: S. Birt, hdl:2027/mdp.39015030762572
• Richard Brookes (1786), "Konigsburg", The General Gazetteer (6th ed.), London: J.F.C. Rivington
• Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Königsberg", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
• Augustus Bozzi Granville (1829). "(Königsberg)". St. Petersburgh: A journal of travels to and from that capital. H. Colburn.
• "Königsberg", Leigh's New Descriptive Road Book of Germany, London: Leigh and Son, 1837
• "Königsberg". Penny Cyclopaedia. London. 1839.
• "Königsberg". Handbook for North Germany. London: J. Murray. 1877.
• John Ramsay McCulloch (1880), "Königsberg", in Hugh G. Reid (ed.), A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
• W. Pembroke Fetridge (1884), "Königsberg", Harper's Hand-Book for Travellers in Europe and the East (23rd ed.), New York: Harper & Brothers, hdl:2027/nyp.33433066588363
• "Königsberg", Bradshaw's Illustrated Hand-book to Germany and Austria, London: W.J. Adams & Sons, 1896

Published in the 20th century

• "Königsberg" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1910. pp. 894–895.
• "Kaliningrad", Scandinavian & Baltic Europe (4th ed.), Lonely Planet, 1999, p. 300+, OL 8314793M
• James Charles Roy (1999). The Vanished Kingdom: Travels Through the History of Prussia. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-8133-3793-7.
• Olga Sezneva (2000). "Historical Representation and the Politics of Memory in Kaliningrad, Former Königsberg". Polish Sociological Review (131): 323–338. JSTOR 41274763.

Published in the 21st century

• Peter Savodnik (2003). "Kaliningrad". Wilson Quarterly. 27 (2): 16–22. JSTOR 40261179.
• Ann Kennard (2010). "Case Study 1: Kaliningrad". Old Cultures, New Institutions: Around the New Eastern Border of the European Union. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 133–161. ISBN 978-3-643-10751-0.

in other languages

• Karl Faber (1840). Die Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt Königsberg in Preußen [Capital and Residence City of Königsberg in Prussia] (in German). Königsberg: Gräfe und Unzer.
• Alexander Jung (1846). Königsberg und die Königsberger (in German). Leipzig: Hermann Kirchner.
• F.W. Schubert (1855). Zur sechshundertjährigen Jubelfeier der Stadt Königsberg [600th Jubilee Celebration of the City of Königsberg] (in German). Königsberg: Verlag von Schubert und Seidel.
• "Konigsberg". Biblioteca geographica: Verzeichniss der seit der Mitte des vorigen Jahrhunderts bis zu Ende des Jahres 1856 in Deutschland (in German). Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. 1858. (bibliography)
• August Wilhelm Grube (1875). "Königsberg". Charakterbilder Deutschen Landes und Lebens fur Schule und Haus (in German) (10th ed.). Leipzig: F. Brandstetter.
• "Königsberg". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German) (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1898.
• P. Krauss; E. Uetrecht, eds. (1913). "Konigsberg". Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas [Meyer's Atlas of German Cities] (in German). Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut.
• "Konigsberg", Deutscher Städteatlas (in German), vol. 2, Institut für vergleichende Städtegeschichte, 1979, ISBN 3891150008
• Małłek, Janusz (1992). "Polityka miasta Królewca wobec Polski w latach 1525–1701". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). No. 3–4.
• Podbereski, Wacław (2010). "Królewiec – Koenigsberg – Kaliningrad". Znad Wilii (in Polish). Vol. 4, no. 44. ISSN 1392-9712.
• Wolfgang Adam; Siegrid Westphal, eds. (2012). "Königsberg". Handbuch kultureller Zentren der Frühen Neuzeit: Städte und Residenzen im alten deutschen Sprachraum (in German). De Gruyter. pp. 1153+. ISBN 978-3-11-029555-9.

External links

• Europeana. Items related to Kaliningrad, various dates.
• Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Kaliningrad, various dates
• Links to fulltext city directories for Konigsberg via Wikisource

54.716667°N 20.516667°E / 54.716667; 20.516667